Are Science and Religion in Conflict? Essay

Indeed,a conflict does exist between science and religion however the conflict is based on the lack of acceptance and vast misconceptions which members of either side are unwilling to let go of. The conflict between science and religion exists because there is a lack of congruence between the results achieved through scientific discovery and the beliefs required by a religion to follow. This has led to the formation of two extremes i. e. either accept faith and the doctrines required by faith to be observed or accept the rational methodologies of science. In an article published by â€Å"The Atlantic†, the author is of the opinion that solving the riddle that creates the conflict between science and religion is of utmost importance for the current generation. This is because of the reason that these two schools of thought are the most influential forces and guide the way we live our lives (Alfred). Science and religion since their inception have been in a state of continuous development. However this development has been in the opposite direction i. e. nitially science studied the literature provided by religion however with the development of scientific research, certain religious concepts remained unproven because they were considered â€Å"Abstract† by science. This has led to people accepting one side to be true and the other false (Alfred). There is a conflict between science and religion however this is because of the fact that people are hesitant to study both and stick to one side. This has led to the permanent h ousing of misconceptions in the minds of people and is adding fuel to the fire i. e. increasing the conflict between the two ways of life. The major reason behind the conflict between science and religion is the lack of acceptance of conclusions reached by either science or religion regarding a particular matter. If science put more light on the topic under discussion, religious scholars would deny those facts based on the grounds that the research is â€Å"blasphemous† and contradicts basic religious principles. An article by the â€Å"Times† magazine states the Christian Church and other religions including Islam focus on key aspects of human creation such as the possession of a soul by every human being or the miracles performed by saints and â€Å"Men of God†. Science however focuses on new ways of quantifying and measuring human evolution; both the concepts create a conflict (Dan, 2006). Science has been able to prove the physical existence of emotions such as passion, anger by locating it in different parts of the brain. This contradicts with the principle followed by most religions regarding the presence of a soul in every human and how that soul is free from bodily functions etc. However acceptance of this is denied by religious scholars based on the grounds that the concept of the Afterlife is fundamental to most religions and the concept of the soul is greatly in congruence with the Afterlife (Dan, 2006). Scientific research should not be viewed as a threat to the fundamentals of a religion rather the studies should be perceived as being insightful i. e. the research further clarifies religious concepts rather than denouncing them. There are certain driving factors that govern the existence and acceptance of the conflict between science and religion. Upbringing, Education and Social behavior are some of the factors that lead to people in both the scientific and religious communities to accept that there indeed is a rift between science and religion. In an article by Elaine Howard of Rice University and Jerry Z. Park of Baylor University, they provided the results of a study they carried out which involved the selection of 21 American scientists who were considered to be among the elite of the time. They studied their attitude towards religion and deduced that all scientists i. e. hether a naturalist or social scientist, have different levels of acceptance towards the conflict that exists between science and religion. The acceptance is affected by their culture and extent of religious practice (Ecklund& Park, 2009). Since everyone needs something to believe in, scientists who do not belong to a strict religious background readily accept the conflict since they have devoted their life to one particular school of thought. This p erception is formed after extensive research based on rational thinking and seeking proof of everything which makes scientists so skeptical about religious beliefs. Among scientists however there is a lack of acceptance towards a religion even if he/she is a believer. This is because of the perceived pressure they would receive if their peers in the scientific community were to discover this fact (Elaine, 2010). The only way to resolve the conflict is to accept religious diversity as well as the free discussion of scientific concepts without being judged as being blasphemous. It is through this open discussion that the misunderstandings that exist between scholars of both extremes be cleared. The ways the scientific concepts are taught in schools are one of the major causes of the conflict. Since the teachers do not have clear knowledge and understanding of the scientific concepts, they pass on inadequate information to the students attending. In an article named â€Å"First Year College Students’ Conflict with Religion and Science† issued by the Georgia State University, the author tells us that it is in the human nature to perceive oneself to be better than the rest. The general public tends to interpret and create their own perceptions regarding scientific concepts and religious beliefs. The self-interpretations lead to misconceptions which are major cause of the rift that exists between science and religion (Martin, 2008). The schools and teachers within those schools teach in a manner that fixes and restricts the brain of the student to think beyond what is thought. The rigid concepts become permanent with the passage of time which leads to the rejection of anything other than the closely held concepts. Science and religion develop over time, sometimes even complimenting each other. If a clear understanding of the advancements would not be obtained, there would always be room for misinterpretations. Therefore to remove the conflict at an elementary stage, teachers should encourage students to interpret scientific research however they should know what is right and what is not in order to correct the misconceptions when they arise. An Evangelist is a person who preaches faith based on his or her own perception about the beliefs fundamental to the faith. Christian evangelists have always been skeptical towards scientific concepts as well as theological theories about the creation of the world. Amos Yong carried out an analysis of various literary works related to the explanation of the conflict paradigm between science and religion. The findings were summarized in the article named â€Å"Science and Religion: Introducing the Issues, Entering the Debates – A review essay† and focused primarily on discovering ways to align the methods of the church with scientific methodologies (Yong, 2011). The study identified various conceptual frameworks that could be adopted which would align the thought process of the evangelist with scientific methodologies. Other measures that could be adopted include targeting the people lower in the hierarchy at the church. These people could be taught the concepts of science and how science can better explain religion (Yong, 2011). The only way to resolve the conflict that exists for evangelists is to align their religious beliefs with rational scientific methods. Since an evangelist is a strict believer in faith, the beliefs would always be fundamental however better scientific knowledge can help bridge the differences. Science is based on methods and the rationale behind every phenomenon. Religion however on the other hand requires the believer to keep faith in the fundamental principles. Both present a different picture of the same thing and it is this difference in perception that has developed a conflict between science and religion. Science and Religion are two sides of the same coin. These two schools of thoughts add to each other rather than diverging. Religious concepts such as morality can be better understood through scientific research which helps understand and adhere to religion better. There is a connection of knowledge between science and religion which if strengthened is in the favor of the future of the human race. Science and religion have a point where the two schools of thoughts converge. One of the points is quality of being spiritual. Although scientists work on the basis of rationality, they still have a spiritual side which allows them to keep faith while exploring the horizons of science and reasoning. In an article titled â€Å"Science vs. Religion: What Scientists Really Think†, the author Elaine Ecklund states that even atheists have a certain level of spirituality within them. The spirituality may not necessarily be associated with keeping faith however there is a curiosity regarding the origination and formation of our plant and existence (Elaine, 2010). The spiritual side within scientists is promoted by their upbringing and education. The spiritual side makes them interested in religious beliefs. Through their scientific approach and belief in religious concepts, it makes it easier for them to focus on scientific research and proving religious concepts to be accurate (Elaine, 2010). Therefore spirituality leads to a better scientific reasoning approach to be adopted. Through religious involvement scientific research can be refined and complex questions can be answered. Morality and reality go hand in hand. Morality is the set of values and attitudes that are generally acceptable by a particular society for a particular moment in time. Religion requires a greater focus on displaying moral behavior. Morality can be better displayed by understanding reality and how it is affected by moral thinking. Morality is required by religion whereas reality is explained by science proving that there is a deeper link rather than a conflict. Through scientific reasoning we are able to deduce the right way to behave in a society. These studies can help assess what moral behavior is. The article â€Å"Religion vs. Science† outlines the scientific efforts to better understand moral behavior which helps us adhere to religious principles in a better way (Honner, 1994). Science is able to study all factors that affect behavior including societal norms, environmental conditions and personal feelings. By quantifying morality, we are able to develop a better understanding of what constitutes morality. This indicates that the relationship between science and religion is one of clarification rather than a source of conflict (Honner, 1994). Therefore rather than thinking about a conflict being in existence, we should follow the results of scientific research and studies to better clarify religious beliefs. Through scientific research we are able to uncover and understand the abstract concepts that religion defines. Queries about our existence can be answered by a careful examination of religious concepts complimented with a thorough scientific analysis. In an article name God, creation, science, religion: the conflicts by Tom Chivers, the author tells us that scientist in order to deduce the actual age of the Earth moved to religious transcripts appearing in the Bible. Although the Bible did not provide dates however did contain information on the characteristics of the people at the time. This was a major input in the scientific breakthrough (Tom, 2009). The scientific declarations cannot be denied as they have been institutional to the development of the knowledge and understanding regarding the universe. By further considering the importance of religion we would come across certain questions that have been yet to be answered by scientific research. Through this connection we can uncover various mysteries concerning the universe and everything within it (Tom, 2009). People should develop a thorough understanding of the concepts of both extremes. Through this understanding we would be able to develop a much better connection between science and religion and resolve all mysteries which would give us a better understanding of who we are and why we exist. Referring to the first counter argument, it states that science and religion converge because a level of spirituality exists between the followers of the two extremes. The argument is refuted by the original thesis stating that although the spiritual level does exist however this would not lead to the convergence of ideas arising within the two schools of thoughts. The reason behind it is the fact that there is a lack of acceptance of conclusions by scholars of both the extremes leading to a never ending conflict. Referring to the second counter argument, it states that science and religion add to each other in way that science leads to a better understanding of moral behavior which is a pre-requisite for religious believers. However the original thesis refutes this argument by saying that although the concepts add to each other however there are vast misconceptions in the minds of the followers of both science and religion. These misconceptions come in the middle and cause the conflict to extend rather than reaching a resolution point. Referring to the final counter argument, it states that there is no conflict between the fields because religious beliefs and knowledge acts as a basis of scientific research and discovery. This argument is challenged by the original thesis in a manner that although this can be the case however people classify themselves as being either religious or scientific. Due to this classification, the connection between science and religion cannot be established.

Us History Exam notes

An area in social life, Independent of government where Informed citizens can come together and discuss and Influence political action, a domain that used to be solely for political figures and upper society. What were the major components of the public sphere In colonial North America? The public sphere expanded with the raising of literacy rates and the view that participating in politics and reading was fashionable. Some of the influences were numerous coffee shops and pubs, lots of bookshops, Boston Newsletter, first continuously published newspaper.Which early American stands out for his contributions? Benjamin Franklin What were his three major contributions to the growth of the public sphere? Editing the Pennsylvania Gazette which was considered the best edited, founding the Junta, a forum for mutual Improvement and for discussion about politics, and the Library Company of Philadelphia which was the flirt establishment of circulating literature. What component of freedom was e ssential to the establishment and growth of the public sphere? Freedom of expression. Which famous libel trial demonstrated that this freedom was becoming ingrained in he popular imagination? 735 Publisher Zinger brought up on charge of libel against the governor, calling him corrupt, and after he showed evidence that the governor was corrupt he was found not guilty. This showed the public that the truth will always win. Columbian exchange- transatlantic flow of goods W > E – tomatoes, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, corn E > W – sugarcane, rice. Horses, pigs, sheep Black Legend- Based on Lass Cases' book shows image of Spain as uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer, gives other countries Justification to colonize, challenge Spain's old French and Dutch are what kind of empires?Commercial, looking for trading, gold and the Northwest passage England Is what kind of empire? Colonizing, Individual men looking for land, and through the possession of land, freedom and bring them back to the home country to make it wealthier, not focusing on colonization or trade Northwest Passage- Route to Asia through N America English colonization begins with Jamestown in 1607 by Virginia Company 5 Attributes to English Freedom: 1. King subject to rule of law (Magna Cart) 2. Security of persons and property 3. Habeas corpus- cannot be held indefinitely w/out charge 4.Right to face your accuser 5. Right to trial by Jury Mercantilism: There is always a winner and a loser in trade, best to be the person with money, exports should always exceed imports Virginia- tobacco in Chesapeake region, swampy Pennsylvania- Religious freedom for Quakers, no slavery Georgia- meant to be a refuge for the English poor, became large slave owning plantation state, rice and indigo Carolinas: Indigo and Rice Rhode Island and New Jersey- religious freedom Massachusetts- formed with original Plymouth colony.

Field Project Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Field Project Assignment - Essay Example This is done using various tools available to top management and one of the most useful and also dreaded is the performance evaluation when employees are compared and if they measure up. Performance evaluations are usually done annually, or could be done per semester or by quarter. These evaluations can be highly effective tools depending on how these are administered. I had chosen to attend training at the Center for Urban Community Services Institute for this purpose last March 20, 2014 focused on the topic of â€Å"Creating Effective Performance Evaluations.† The Center for Urban Community Services (CUCS) Institute is located at 198 E. 121st St. in New York City and this particular non-profit non-government organization (NGO) was once a community project of Columbia University back in 1979 but has since expanded its community outreach programs beyond its immediate environs after it was officially incorporated in 1993. I choose CUCS Institute because of its vast experience in providing training and research to other non-profits and government agencies engaged in social services using evidence-based practices; it had been honored by the New York Times for its effective impact (CUCS, 2013, para. 2). The training session was a whole day event and I consider the time well spent since I had learned a lot during that time. Some of the lessons learned about performance evaluations are the following: a performance evaluation (also known as performance appraisal) is for improvement, whether at the personal (employee) level or at the organizational level, it is used for making the important decisions such as promotion, compensation, transfer, or termination, giving feedback, counseling, and imposing disciplinary sanctions. There are a number of benefits to be derived in conducting performance evaluations but only if these are done right; these include promotion of

Assessment Plan on College Algebra Research Paper

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RESEARCH NURSING ARTICLES CRITIQUE Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RESEARCH NURSING ARTICLES CRITIQUE - Article Example Taking into considerations various knowledge that a research provides, in this essay two such works related to the field of nursing shall be critiqued and evaluated. The first chosen research for the critique is titled: â€Å"Caring for adults with intellectual disabilities: perceived challenges for nurses in accident and emergency units† and the other one is: â€Å"Parents experiences of general hospital admission for adults with learning disabilities†. Taking the research process steps as the systematic guidance for the critique, both of these researches shall be evaluated for their strengths and weakness in various aspects. The critique shall be based on the research question of â€Å"the perspective of both the parents and the staff in the experiences in hospitals with the adults suffering from intellectual disabilities†. And both the researches are chosen taking in mind this research question. The essay shall be concluded with some evaluation of its findings . A title of any written piece must function as an overall informer of whatever findings and conclusions are going to unfold in the reading. Same applies to a research. And the two researches under our investigation do have their titles suggesting their actual findings. The first title mentions the ‘Caring for adults with intellectual disabilities’ first and then clarifies the precise purpose of the study by mentioning ‘challenges for nurses in accident and emergency units’. The title of the second research too confirms its aim by mentioning the exact findings. We understand that the research is going to investigate the experiences of the parents in hospitals while admitting their adult children with learning disabilities. Both the titles suggest clearly that the researches are going to be qualitative. The information of the authors provided before the vary start of the paper do give the readers the knowledge that the researches are carried out by qualified and experienced authors.

Autism spectrum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Autism spectrum - Essay Example Some individuals with Autism disability may live an independent life while others have learning disability and need a specialist support. Individuals with autism disorder may also experience under-or over-sensitivity to touch, sound, light, smells, colours, and taste. Andrew’s autism characteristics Andrew demonstrates some characteristics of autism disability, which makes him fit into the criteria for autism. You may come across people like Andrew in the stores, in the park, in schools, or at work. Andrew does not look different from other students, yet he behaves and communicates in a way that seems mysterious, or enigmatic (Baron-Cohen, 2008). Andrew’s autism disability has ruthlessly impaired a number of disabilities many people tend to take for granted. For instance, the teacher seems not to understand that Andrew has autism spectrum that is the way, the teacher sometimes feels that she is in a dilemma. In other words, she founds Andrew’s behaviour disruptiv e to others and becomes frustrated that, Andrew is not willing to confront to the standards of not interrupting others or involving in the school’s social activities (Baron-Cohen, 2008). ... Whether the teacher and other pupils are sad or cheerful, it sounds and looks the same to Andrew. Additionally, Andrew shows little interest in what other pupils are doing. The teacher claims that Andrew does not join or involve himself with other school activities. He ignores the class timetable and instead decides to read an encyclopedia that he carried around, or even arranging the cut grass around the school ground into neat, straight lines (Baron-Cohen, 2008). In general, Andrew focuses his attention on doing minor and simple activities. Instead of attending classes, he could spend hours arranging all the cut grass in the field behind the school into neat, straight lines (Baron-Cohen, 2008). This obsessive and repetitive habit of doing one thing all the time refers to stereotyped behaviours. Andrew however has a characteristic of disagreeing with other people’s ideas and lacks correct measures of explaining himself. This is highly depicted in his behaviour since he shouts out during classes the words like â€Å"How do you know?† or â€Å"Why?† whenever the teacher makes a certain assertion of a fact (Baron-Cohen, 2008). The teacher could note that Andrew had a natural curiosity that she was unable to stifle. All these characteristics, which Andrew has the inability to understand speech and talk, trouble and difficulties in socializing with other pupils, and stereotyped interests and behaviours-are the hub of autism spectrum (Baron-Cohen, 2008). These autism characteristics hinder Andrew from making friends and being unable to fit in at home, at school, or even in public places. Andrew has a severe type of autism behaviour. However, there are some theories that explain that causes of autism behaviour. Theories

Summarise in your own word your understanding of resources and the Essay

Summarise in your own word your understanding of resources and the need to manage these appropriately - Essay Example On the other hand, from a wider ecological or biological perception, a resource gratifies the requirements of a given living organism (Bennet, 2014). The idea of resources can be applied in various realms comprising biology, economics, computer science, ecology, human resources and management. In addition, the concept can further be linked to such notions as sustainability, competition, stewardship and conservation. Within the broader human society, on-commercial or commercial factors need resource allocation via resource management (Moser, 2007). Consequently resources have 3 core features; limited availability, utility as well as potential for consumption or depletion. There have been various categorizations of resources such as abiotic versus biotic, on-renewable versus renewable as well as actual versus potential, alongside more sophisticated classification. In economics resources are described as assets or services that are utilized in the production of services and goods that satisfy human wants and needs. Economic can also be broadly described as the discipline that studies how a society is able to manage its scarce resources. Thus 3 classes of resources are identified in classical economics that comprise capital, labor and land, best known as factors of production. Resources must be managed effectively so as to enhance productivity, improve efficiency, as well as eliminate waste. Businesses and governments world over implement resource management solutions. With the right management solution; governments together with business will assist eradicate common problems related to poor planning of resources. Through effective standardization of the resource management procedures, governments and businesses can enhance visibility together with control leading to considerable advantages to any undertaking. Some of the core benefits that may result from effective

Analyzing the History of the Human Form through Art Research Paper

Analyzing the History of the Human Form through Art - Research Paper Example Through this analysis, this purpose of this paper will show how the focus of the human figure shifted from a reproductive sense in the prehistoric era to a stronger character representation in the Byzantine era. In order to work through this process, each era will be designated with two works of art in each section. Prehistoric Art: Conceptualism and Realism Ranging from 75,000 BP to 1500 BP, prehistoric art includes multiple eras and methods. Essentially, prehistoric art is defined as art that was completed by a culture that did not have a spoken language. Without the ability to speak or write to document their legends, history and particular aspects of their culture, ancient civilizations turned to art as a way to capture their legacy (Art History Guide, n.d.). For example, the following picture of the â€Å"Venus† of Willendorf demonstrates how prehistoric art conceptualized the ultimate role of women as the vehicles for reproduction of the human race. With the exaggerated breasts and genitals, this representation of the human form in prehistoric art shows that the concepts of ancient civilizations regarding the human form centered around the notion of procreation. While this explanation demonstrates the idea behind conceptualism, the reality of prehistoric art in regard to the human form will be explored when looking at art that represents the realism that was portrayed in prehistoric times. Although topics of reproduction often resulted in embellished pieces to demonstrate fertility, art that portrayed a civilizations way of life often fell into the realism category. For example, the Lascaux Cave Paintings demonstrate how the human form was put into scale in comparison to animals that were hunted to provide food for the civilization. With the more lifelike replicas of human beings, it is clear that when being perceived as hunters, artists of the prehistoric era wanted to demonstrate these people as they were as they faced the beasts of the day in or der to secure food for themselves and their families. For art of this nature, the realism of what was taking place trumped any possible conceptual ideas, as is the opposite when concerning human reproduction. Aegean Art: Abstraction According to Ogborn in 2003’s Prehistoric Art, this section is comprised of the cultures of Greece, the Cyclades Islands and Crete. Aegean art is heavily influenced by an abstract feel in the sense that nearly all of the pottery, statues and paintings completed during this era portrayed in the human form in a non-obvious manner. In order to demonstrate the abstract nature of this artwork, this section will analyze both a male and female form in art to discuss how humans were represented in art during the Aegean period. Beginning with the statue of the Snake Goddess of the Palace at Knossos in Crete, this ancient art work shows a mystical woman in such a way that she is nearly unrecognizable as a person, aside from the clear inclusion of breasts to her figure. The key characteristics to highlight about this statue include the fact that this woman has no legs, no obvious reproductive organs as is common with prehistoric renditions of females and no hands. While her status as a snake goddess seems to explain the fact of her having

Best Buy SWOT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Best Buy SWOT - Research Paper Example In the case of Best Buy, the strengths are powerful scaling capability, the people: culture and passion, strong market share, (Judge), high level of community service and local involvement and customer service (OPPapers.com). Best Buy Co., Inc. entered the business in 1996 when computers and internet are really gaining much popularity. It has "grown steadily and enhanced its business through inspired innovation" and "continually transforming into a dynamic, customer-driven, talent-powered company that focuses on enhancing our customers' enjoyment of technology" so that now it already has branches in U.S., Canada, Europe, China and Mexico (Best Buy). From one branch it was able to scale up its operation to cater to cross-country branches. With 155,000 employees, Best Buy is a hub of satisfied and energetic individuals with the strength of youth and innovation (Best Buy). Due to its strength in scaling up production and service, another branch in South America such as in Chile is very much possible. Best Buy always remembers to share its success with the community. It has strengthened its community partnership with the Best Buy Children's Foundation and other charitable programs (Best Buy). Best Buy also h as increasing market share. Forbes.com reported an increase of sales by 1.7% in the first quarter of 2007, while competitor Circuit City experienced a plummet of 5.6%. (Farrell). The recent report also reveals that from March to December 2009, "Best Buy's combined online and offline share of the notebook computer and digital camera markets gained 5.5%, flat-panel televisions increased 5.2%, and desktop computers gained 4.7%" (Vertical Web Media.). The increasing market share enables Best Buy to expand its reach, even to foreign countries. It is coupled with popularity, which it can capitalize on once it opens in Chile. Lastly, Best Buy has an excellent customer service which makes shopping more convenient. Opposite to the internal strength is the internal weaknesses. In the case of Best Buy, these weaknesses include too much bureaucracy, undifferentiated products or services and complicated shipping schedules (OPPapers.com). The absence of strengths on each of these aspects result to a business weakness, which can cause dismay to customers. Too much bureaucracy inside Best Buy results to lesser efficiency. If the hierarchy is so tall, transactions may take longer time to be accomplished. This problem is much worse given an operation in a foreign country such as Chile. The delay in delivery and logistics can harm the entire business. There is also the problem of undifferentiated products and services, which is primarily not beneficial to customers. Lastly, since there are already a lot of customers from around the world, Best Buy has not still found the best way of managing their logistics especially in shipping. This can cause delay and inconvenience on the part of the customers. Looking at the external environment may "reveal certain new opportunities for profit and growth" (Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc.). The opportunities present for Best Buy are increased preference for the brand, more categories to enhance the brand (Judge), and more expansion opportunities (OPPapers.com) and the increasing use of computers and internets in other countries. The gaining of greater market share for Best

Alcatraz Prison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Alcatraz Prison - Research Paper Example In the current context, National Park Service operates Alcatraz as a historic site, lying within the domain of Golden Gate National Recreation Area (Wellman, 2008). Hence, Alcatraz is open to all tourists interested in visiting an exploring this historical landmark. Tourists can board a ferry from San Francisco to reach Alcatraz. It is not without a reason that Alcatraz prison has often featured in a range of cultural expressions like Hollywood movies, literature, TV programs, games and comics (Oliver, 1998). In a broader perspective, Alcatraz prison commands significant historical and cultural significance. Thus, it will be quiet interesting to delve on varied aspects of Alcatraz prison. The Name It was in the year 1775 that the Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala passed the Golden Gate bay area in the ship San Carlos (Wellman, 2008). On coming across the island under consideration, Juan named it Isla de Las Alcatraces or ‘The Island of the Pelicans’ (Wellman, 2008). Ironically, going by the history of Alcatraz, pelicans are the last thing one conjures up while thinking about this prison. Juan named it so after being inspired by the large Pelican population residing in the area (Wellman, 2008). With the passage of time, the original name of this island got Americanized to be Alcatraz. As long as the Spanish held sway in this area, they did not use this island for any civil or military purposes, because of it being barren and inhospitable (Wellman, 2008). Military Base It was sometime in 1827 that the US military identified Alcatraz as a potential military base, considering its strategic location on the West Coast (Stuller, 1999). After a series of geographical and topographic surveys, the US military started constructing a fortress and a lighthouse at Alcatraz in 1853 (Stuller, 1999). In 1840, with the onset of Gold Rush, people from all around the world started crowding the West Coast to try their luck at finding gold. Thus, it became evident t o the United States government that it needs to seriously protect its land and mineral wealth from the coveting foreign powers and populations. It was with much hard work and toil that Alcatraz, garrisoned with impressive artillery and firepower, began to be recognized as an icon of the American military power (Stuller, 1999). Though, Alcatraz never saw real action throughout its existence as a military base, its stature as an intimidating army base continued to stay for many years (Stuller, 1999). With the coming into vogue of the modern weaponry, the military significance of Alcatraz gradually dwindled over time. Military Prison Later on the American military came to the conclusion that the island could serve as an excellent military prison, courtesy its disheartening isolation, and the unfriendly freezing waters surrounding the island, home to some of the most insurmountable water currents. In 1861, the army incarcerated several Civil War prisoners at Alcatraz (Wellman, 2008). Th e prisoner population at Alcatraz further augmented during the 1898 Spanish-American war (Wellman, 2008). The 1906 San Francisco earthquake further added to the Alcatraz prison population, as a large number of Civil War prisoners were transferred there for safe confinement (Wellman, 2008). The framework and structure of the Alcatraz prison was further expanded by the US military in 1912 (Wellman, 2008). This was not without a reason. By 1920, this prison was already running to its full capacity (Wellman, 2008). Again,

A review of black lives matter a modern social movement in America Essay Example for Free

A review of black lives matter a modern social movement in America Essay Abstract The prominence of the Black Lives Matter is a reform of social justice in America. There are many layers to the movement including and having to do with feminism, an ideological change, as well as a different psychology. It holds the future of social justice. It has been over a century since the formal end to American slavery, and decades since the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s, but social justice and an egalitarian society does not yet exist. But with the knowledge and teachings that can change that attitude, the movement will continue to grow and make the strides that are necessary to change the lives of the people who help make America. Black Lives Matter: Beyond a Movement â€Å"Black Lives Matter† is very well known and everyone has a ready association when hearing it. I have always found it most interesting that this movement has come with so much mockery. Mockery in the sense that for all the people that take it seriously and for the people whose daily lives are affected, there are just as many people if not more who come with the opposition. The opposition make other slogans (i.e. â€Å"All Lives Matter†, â€Å"Blue Lives Matter†, â€Å"White Lives Matter†, etc.) This makes a mockery of the issue (Yancy Butler, 2015). They are saying, your issue is not a real one, get over it. And also saying, maybe you should think about us first, and how you are affecting our lives. It is more than a movement at the end of the day, and this is because the more people do not take the issue seriously, the more Black lives are taken in horrible ways without a valid reason. Even then, a major problem of victim blaming occurs with every one of these cases and the â€Å"Blue Life† that matters are able to get off scot-free and continue their life. So clearly the blue life matters, but what about the Black life that was taken by that blue life (Maclin, 1991)? Why are some people given the right and privilege to decide who gets to live? Of course, everyone is aware of the answers to these hypothetical questions I present. The power of the hierarchy of society and race is deep-rooted inside all of us (Maclin, 1991). And it does not seem to change, it makes strives toward changes, but it does not change like it should. It is constantly the same story day after day, decade after decade, and at this point, century after century. The big question now, asks everyone wh at they are able to do for their country. The minority population and the African-American population create America and they are just as much of the country as any other ethnicity. â€Å"We completely expect those who benefit directly and improperly from white supremacy to try to erase our existence.† (Garza, 2014). I like the usage of the word, improperly, in this article. The author is addressing the movement from the perspective of a Black queer woman. The word fits perfectly into defining so much of society. It is improper, how the current social situation is so prominent today. Roughly 50 years ago was the Civil Rights Movement, that is in the lifetime of many people alive today and yet it does not concern so many that the same issues are here today. The distribution of power and right to life has been given to a select few. Not even given, but taken by a select few, who have and continue to refuse to give it up (Garza, 2014). The right to life, it essentially has been taken from the those who are not white males- the normal (Garza, 2014). And Black lives are given the least regard to their life. Black Lives Matter also serves as an ideology. It even perhaps serves better to be categorized as an ideology. It is an ideology that brought a uniformity to the anger and frustration with the obvious social injustices occurring (Thomas, 2004). Especially, after the tragic killing of Trayvon Martin and the verdict that allowed the killer, George Zimmerman to go back home. After the ruling, the anger and sparked outrage of the Black community, made people worry for Zimmerman. It made the white community worry for their own lives. This truly is irony at its finest (Yancy Butler, 2015). It is more than a misunderstanding of the point. It was disregarded, that this verdict justified the killing of completely innocent Black lives. But rather than worrying about the people who cannot walk down a street, without having to worry about being killed. And their families who have to deal with the death of a loved one and then watch as their killer went free. But then be told that it does not ma tter. And justify it with, ‘all lives matter’ (Yancy Butler, 2015). Through my research, I noticed there are typically two different types of papers written on this topic: either from a perspective looking at the whole or from the perspective of a Black woman. I find this very interesting, there are multiple struggles going on through this entire movement and ideological change. But there is the other issue of Black feminism that also needs addressing. I find it both compelling and significant that Black women both support the greater picture with their fellow man, but also separate themselves because they are different and need something else (Thomas, 2004). Black women are similar to Black men in some ways and similar to white women in some ways, but are different from both of them- they cannot completely identify with either one, in order to find further justice (Thomas, 2004). I have always considered myself a feminist, but unfortunately, not until more recently did I know that there are actually different types of feminism and feminists struggles. There is white feminism and there is also Black feminism and Hispanic feminism (which can be grouped together and separately as well). White women argue for some basic rights such as equal pay and respect to work outside of the home. Whereas minority women fight for even more basic rights than that, such as getting hired for a job (Thomas, 2004). They are not just asking for equal pay in a salary job, but for their job applications to not be thrown away for a minimum wage job because of their name. But just like in all feminism, it is important to give people who believe and support the feminist struggle, to separate themselves from the people who do not (Garza, 2014). This is because until there is true equality, the people who support it are different, and the difference raises attention. But, looking at the b igger picture, white feminism is the issue that is raising attention and not so much of the feminist struggle of minorities (Garza, 2014). The ‘Black Lives Matter’ movement creates a new foundation in psychology. Psychology is in part the study of behavior. But the psychology most people study, leave people out, large groups of people are left out (Thomas, 2004). One of these groups is the Black community and even further is Black women (Thomas, 2004). The issues are established, many people are ignorant of it or they chose to ignore it, but knowledge serves as a powerful tool. Social justice starts from the ground up. The racial institution that America exemplifies all so much prevents Black Americans from accomplishing the ‘American dream’. The Black community is stereotypically living in poverty, living in ‘ghettos’, and cannot get jobs. They are blamed for their own issues, as they deserve what they are getting out of life (Garcà ­a Sharif, 2015). But rather than realizing that it is the racism of America that is keeping any minority and especially the Black community from going anywhere (Garcà ­a Sharif, 2015). Many Black Americans have made great accomplishments, but not only are they ignored and not taught about, but are made to seem as exceptions. Successful Black people are not like the normal Black person, they lucked out or they were given some special situation that allowed them to accompli sh anything. There is a deep-rooted problem even with the Black community, that is given from within. They are told they are hated by society and therefore they should see problems with themselves, too (Garcà ­a Sharif, 2015). No one who is not living outside of the white standard should be proud of themselves, in fact, they need to take it one step farther and be ashamed of themselves. Not only ashamed of their own appearance but be afraid to accomplish anything (Garcà ­a Sharif, 2015). Everyone is held up against the white standard, not only in physical beauty but also with development and academic development and progress. If a Black person is more successful than a white person in academics, then there must be some sort of mistake. There has to be another reason for this, perhaps something is wrong with the Black student. This is just one of the many ways social injustice is justified with society. It becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy with Black children (and even throughout their lives) . They are told they are problems within the classroom and if they accomplish more than a white student, it is not because they are smart. It is probably because they are too hyper or they are not listening to directions. When a person is told they are not good enough, then they will not be good enough (Garcà ­a Sharif, 2015). A person is just as good as other people tell them they are because they take on the role they are told that they have. Black Lives Matter is a â€Å"mode of address† (Yancy Butler, 2015). It is against society telling that an entire group of people that every other life is above yours. So as long as anyone who is not Black is dying, then Black lives and the unjust loss of can be addressed later (or in other words, never) (Yancy Butler, 2015). Black men and women, even boys and girls, are seen and portrayed by society and police as scary, dangerous, aggressive, and violent. Constantly, the testimonies of these murder cases will reveal the cop’s description of the victim as forceful or aggressive (Yancy Butler, 2015). When watching the videos, it is clear this just is not true. But also there is an issue of the cop’s word and racist mindsets, makes people see the video through a lens. It is quite evident that it does not matter how a Black person presents themselves because they are never good enough. The stress, discouragement, outrage, depression, etc., etc. resulting from rac ism and hate acts, is detrimental to the health of the Black community (Garcà ­a Sharif, 2015). The growing importance of social media is resulting in a large part of ‘Black Lives Matter’. Not only education but the usage of social media, I think, will only continue to help the movement toward social justice. What is so amazing about social media is that it is accessible to people all across the country and even the world, within seconds. It does not take more than a few minutes for the entire world to see the video of a horrible killing of another Black life. Or the ruling in yet another unjustified ruling letting goes another cop who killed an unarmed Black man or woman. The videos are hard to watch. And making it even better, once they are on the internet they do not ever really go away. What is so important in a movement, ideology, psychology such as Black lives matter is that the people who have died do not go forgotten. It is crucial that their names are known, giving them a life. Once they are identified and their story is told under ‘young black manâ €™, etc., their story goes with all the other people who are said to not matter. We must be able to see the totally egalitarian society, we must be able to see the possibility of in order for it to ever have a true chance. This movement starts, to say this is done, and we need this- NOW. And we have to listen and respond and see the future as such to move forward successfully. References Garza, A., Tometi, O., Cullors, P. (2014). A herstory of the# BlackLivesMatter movement. Jee-Lyn Garcà ­a, J., Sharif, M. Z. (2015). Black lives matter: a commentary on racism and public health. American journal of public health, 105(8), e27-e30. Maclin, T. (1991). Black and Blue Encounters-Some Preliminary Thoughts About Fourth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Amendment Seizures: Should Race Matter. Val. UL Rev., 26, 243. Thomas, V. G. (2004). The psychology of Black women: Studying women’s lives in context.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Black Psychology, 30(3), 286-306. Yancy, G., Butler, J. (2015). What’s wrong with ‘all lives matter’?. New York Times, 12, 156.

High Noon Essay Example for Free

High Noon Essay This is a case of a company, which is operating in Malaysia by the name of Alpha Plantations Sdn Bhd. The company has its origin in Britain and has been operational for over forty years now. This subsidiary located in Malaysia consists of one palm oil mill and one oil palm estate. According to the owners of the company, the main purpose of opening this subsidiary is to supply the mother company with crude palm oil. The mother company is involved in production of detergents. The subsidiary in Malaysia operates in three shifts and each shift has about 25 people manned by one supervisor.  In addition, majority of the top management persons working at the Malaysian subsidiary come from the United Kingdom where the mother company is. Issues This organization has been in operation for decades and it has perfectly performed. With the changes that are taking place within the company because of the new manager, workers will also experience some new changes in the way they will execute their duties. Issues arise from the fact that this new management wants to change even the structure of the organization. These changes bring conflict in the way the workers used to perform and in the process affect their team performance and rapport. (McShane, S. et al, 2006) This frustrates Mr. Ang who has worked with the company for over four decades. The results are his firing after a confrontation. The reason for his firing stated as misconduct. However, this misconduct resulted from the mixed up duties and responsibilities that he experiences on his line of duty. As McShane, S. et al, (2006), says it is necessary to have a clearly spelled out duties and responsibilities. This is the only way that the workers will be able to avoid conflict and confrontation. This does not happen in this company. In addition, the managerial team executes these changes so quickly such that the workers do not have time to adjust thereby resulting to frustrations. Analysis Over the years, the company has faced many problems. However, the recent one was the massive loss that the company was undergoing. The main cause of this loss is the current low prices of gases that were experience at that time, then in 1999. During this time, Captain Chubb was the manager of the company. He claimed that he had done all that he could but the prices were the one which pulled the company down. The top management of the company sort to hire a new manager the following year by the name of Ian Davison. They thought that the previous manager failed to perform. Even though he did not have any experience in management of an agricultural company, he had worked and succeeded in the detergent company and therefore the management expected much from him. To achieve this, he had to lower the cost of production and the only way was to make some recommendation. He therefore made recommendations some of which were beyond the company’s control. For instance, he claimed that the company allowed too much machine breakdown. It is advisable to note that wear and tear is normal processes and we can do absolutely nothing to prevent it. However, he offered a practical solution of reducing the workforce and introducing new machines. This is the point where issues cropped up. With the introduction of new machines and reduction of the number of workers per shift, the workers first adapted to the process but later moved back to their old habits. However, this time, the problem was bigger in that there were fewer workers. They no longer worked in a team and this created a big problem, as the workload was now bigger. In addition, with the new introduced structure in the organization, workers were now able to have a direct access to the manager. This reduced the powers that Mr. Ang had who has always been the supervisor for the company. He was not in a position to control the works anymore and this frustrated him. Furthermore, the workers would not fully respect his directions, as they knew they could still get directions directly from the manager. As McShane, S. et al, (2006) in their book says, poor communication will always affect our behavior towards each other at our places of work. They go ahead and say that leaders will tend to vent their frustration to their subordinate. This communication breakdown affected the relationship between Mr. Ang and the workers and at the end resulted to dictatorship type of ruling where Mr. Ang would make all the decision for the workers. The worst is that Mr. Ang was to blame for all this. The result is that Mr. Ang was devastated and become silent, unproductive to the company and the company fires him. Drive theory explains the reason why Mr. Ang feels frustrated by the actions of the manager. He was highly valued by the workers and after he goes home, the company somehow collapses. Solutions The current problems that are experienced are a serious loss and this is not due to local company structure but global factors that are beyond the company control. We can therefore argue that the methods that used to deal with this problem are way out of track. It is a good idea though to look for machines that are using new technology and to downsize the number of workers in the company. However, it is not a good idea to change the company structure, as this has nothing to do with the workers’ performance. (McShane, S. et al, 2006) The best solution for this problem therefore would have been the purchase of the machines using new technology, downsizing the firm and then leaving the workers to report to the supervisor who they have reported to all these years. This would have prevented the confrontation that Mr. Ang had with the top officials at the head office and the other confrontation that he had with the manager and therefore prevent the company from collapsing. Recommendation However, now that Mr.  Ang has already gone home and things are not working well at all at the company, it is a clear indication that even though during the last days, Mr. Ang seemed quiet, he was important and his presence was recognized by all the workers. In addition, Mr. Ang was never given time to explain what was happening. It would be recommendable to try to summon Mr. Ang, give him a chance to explain his point of view and give him back his job. He is the only one who can mobilize the team and make them work. Drive theory explains the reason why the company collapses because the workers are not motivated. They have nothing to drive them to work harder.

Burgess and Martin Dehydrating Reagents

Burgess and Martin Dehydrating Reagents An understanding of synthetically useful dehydrating reagents for the reduction of hydroxyl groups, various functional group interconversions and other synthetically useful operations. Oday Alrifai Dehydration of alcohols has been a synthetically useful strategy in order to attain olefins in high yields through the treatment of secondary, tertiary and homoallylic alcohols. Martin sulfurane and Burgess dehydrating reagents have been useful because of their mild and selective properties on alcohol containing species. [1] Both reagents have made a significant contribution in industrial and academic applications, aiding in the synthesis of natural products and drugs. The Burgess Reagent, known as Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate (Figure 1), is an interesting reagent assisting formations of 5-membered heterocycles, initially derived from the acyclic precursor by dehydrative treatment. [1] It was first discovered by Edward Meredith Burgess in 1968, but was not given much attention until Peter Wipf proposed the idea of heterocyclic formation. Further research on this reagent, such as the preparation of isocyanides and nitrile oxides from formamides and nitroalkanes, respe ctively, have been investigated. [1] Figure 1. Structure of Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate, also known as Burgess’s dehydrating reagent. [1] Similar to the Burgess reagent, Martin reagent (or Martin sulfurane) is another dehydrating reagent possessing high reactivity to allow the production of alkenes, with diphenyl sulfoxide and a alcohol as minor products, occurring fast (approximately one hour) and at below room temperatures. [2] It was James C. Martin who discovered this stable, moisture sensitive sulfurane, also known as bis(ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ±-bis[trifluoromethyl]benzyloxy)diphenyl sulfur (Figure 2), in 1971. [2][3] Similar to the Burgess reagent, the mechanistic action may be similar, via E1 and/or E2 (or cis) elimination, in order for the treatment of secondary and primary alcohols, respectively. [3] Also similar, cyclic heteroatoms have been more favorable in synthesis, due to carbenium ion rearrangement, via alcoholic dehydration. [3] Figure 2. Structure of bis(ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ±-bis[trifluoromethyl]benzyloxy)diphenyl sulfur, also known as Martin’s sulfurane or Martin’s dehydrating reagent. [10] Preparation of the Burgess reagent requires the incorporation of two commercially available chemicals, chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) and trieethylamine (TEA), and ceases in two steps. Figure 3 illustrates the treatment of CSI with anhydrous methanol and dry benzene at temperatures ranging from 25-30 °C, for approximately half-hour. This fairly quick reaction gives good yields (88-92%) of methyl (chlorosulfonyl) carbamate (MCC) which exists as white crystals when filtered and washed with hexanes. The generated MCC is then treated with a solution of TEA in anhydrous benzene, at temperatures ranging from 10-15 °C, over the course of one hour. The generated salt, Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate, precipitates into colorless needles (84-86% yield). [1] Figure 3. Preparation of the inner salt (Burgess reagent) from two commercially available compounds, trieethylamine and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. A special type of elimination reaction is believed to occur during the period the Burgess reagent is operational. The simultaneous elimination of two vicinal substituents, forming an alkene framework from an alkane, is the route of an intramolecular (Ei) mechanism or a syn elimination. The mechanistic action taken by the Burgess reagent, illustrated in Figure 4, will first produce a sulfamate ester by the attack of the sulfonyl group as well as the rapid displacement of the TEA group, by oxygen’s lone pair in methanol (pka=15.5). [1][4] By heating the sulfamate ester, pyrolysis is initiated, the ÃŽ ±-carbon is ionized and bears an ion that rapidly transfers the ÃŽ ²-hydrogen from the cationic to the anionic state. [1] Figure 4. Mechanism illustrating treatment of Burgess reagent with ethanol, allowing the extraction of the ÃŽ ²-hydrogen and formation of the olefin. In general, the extraction of the proton and the expulsion of the leaving group will generate the expected olefin, shown in Figure 5. The production of the olefin depends on the geometry of the molecule, therefore the hydrogen must be present in the syn conformation to the leaving group (TEA) in order for the reaction to proceed. In addition, the leaving group has nucleophilic properties that will allow the proton to be extracted readily in low polarity solvents. It also should bear multiple proton acceptor sites to permit favorable proton capture. [1] It is possible however that the cis elimination not be observed due to carbonium ion stability, which is stabilized by substituents, and/or a more stable configuration by means of rearrangement. [1] Figure 5. Example of a syn elimination, where the proton adjacent to the carbon bearing the reagent is removed and the deuterium remains a substituent with the olefin formation. Pertaining to Figure 5, the type of alcohol group (secondary, tertiary and homoallylic), the configuration and the environment are the main factors that affect the process of the reaction. The dehydration of a secondary or tertiary alcohol, in an aprotic solvent, follows Saytzef’s rule to form a more thermodynamically stable alkene, versus the kinetic product. Oppositely, primary alcohols (Figure 5i) will not yield the expected olefins; rather carbamates via an SN2 pathway as they are energetically more favorable. Steric hindrance is another important factor when treating with the Burgess Reagent.[1] Such an example holds true in primary sulfamate esters where intramolecular rearrangement occurs when temperatures increase due to the restrictions on bimolecular displacement (Figure 5ii). Depending on the conditions of the reaction, such as solvent polarity and temperature, allylic alcohols can either undergo elimination or SN1 rearrangement (Figure 5iii), with more favorable ap proaches of SN1 reactions providing greater than 90% yields. The same is applicable for tertiary alcohols where they can be subjected to rearrangement even though, under normal conditions, undergo dehydration. [1] Figure 6. Examples illustrating i) primary alcohols will not undergo olefin formation, rather producing a carbamate via SN2, ii) sterically hindered compounds can proceed with the formation of a thermodynamic product (Saytzef’s rule) and iii) allylic alcohol dehydration via elimination or SN1. [1] Functional group interconversions (FGI) can aid in many useful syntheses to design versatile compounds. With the assistance of Burgess’s reagent, high yields have been obtained through the transformation of formamides to isocyanides, nitrile oxides from nitroalkanes and nitriles from primary amides, for example. To stimulate the formation of nitriles from primary amides, the Burgess reagent is often employed instead of other reagents. [1] The problem arises when particular reagents come in contact with certain functional groups, requiring protecting groups or alternative multi-step syntheses to carry out the production. Burgess reagent is employed due to its chemoselective properties and its ability to form the intermediate in a fast(er) manner. As a result of this quick reaction, the product is kinetically more favored. [1] Figure 7 illustrates the interconversion of an amide to allow the Burgess reagent to proceed with dehydrative activities, thus yielding isocyanide with re arrangement. Figure 7. To allow dehydration of the alcohol, an amide undergoes interconversion to allow the Burgess reagent to proceed, forming isocyanide. Knowing the environment the alcohol group is in and how its configuration can be altered, the synthesis of natural products in industry, by usage of this reagent, has been of great synthetic value. For example, dihydrooxazoles are important heterocyclic-containing intermediates used in the synthesis of many biologically active natural products. Initially, these compounds have required an extensive multi-step synthesis for their preparation and previous attempts to cyclize have provided low product yields (25%) and an abundance of recovered starting material. [5] Wipf and Miller investigated more efficient protocols that would obtain better yields of the ÃŽ ²-sulfonate derivatives (Figure 8) of threonine and serine via a more selective intramolecular substitution. Treating the hydroxyl amino acid precursors, threonine and serine, with the reagent allowed the production of dihydrooxazoles because of their high reactivity to stimulate intramolecular cyclization. [5] Unlike other reagent s removing hydroxyl substituents, Burgess reagent allows stereospecific production of dihydrooxazoles without the formation of minor products like azirdine or ÃŽ ²-lactam. [5] Figure 8. Formation of the olefin, via dehydration, and proceeding with intramolecular cyclization to form the 5-membered ring. A paper by Rigby et al. investigated phenanthridone alkaloids originating from the narciclasine family and their anti-tumor properties. The synthesis of (+)-lycoricidine involved the use of the Burgess reagent in order to selectively deprotect the hydroxyl group and to promote cis elimination. [1][6] When dehydrated into an olefin, the compound can exhibit antimitotic activity, which in turn can elicit cytotoxic activities involved in the inhibition of plant growth and regulation, for example. [7] Chida et al. reported that synthetic (+)-lycoricidine exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, suggesting stereochemistry was a responsible and an important component for the elevated cytotoxicity. [7] Other synthetically useful examples of products that are of value are medicinal drugs such as Efrotomycin, which is a new class of antibiotics eliciting anti-bacterial properties that act on gram-positive bacteria, [8] and Pravastatin, which is involved in the management of atherosclerosis and is a regulator of blood lipid levels. [9] Burgess reagent is either involved in the final step in order to form the olefin or participates in a one or two-step synthesis for the production of the precursor. Other uses of the Burgess reagent have been investigated by Canadian researchers at Brock University by designing thermally stable versions of the Burgess reagent with an objective to improve reactivity on epoxides, diols and vinyl oxiranes in comparison to the original reagent. [17] They tested the reactivity of the Burgess reagent with oxiranes, both in cyclic and acyclic conformations, providing low yields of sulfamidates. Also, epoxidation reactions, which required two equivalents of the Burgess reagent, provided cis-sulfamidates at low yields. [17] Since yields were not above their expected 40%, new derivatives created by Metcalf et al. allowed for anion or cation stability in the zwitterion. They tested thermal stability by monitoring the decomposition, in THF-d8 at 50 °C, of four new versions of the Burgess reagent showing stability and reactivity of the original reagent can be improved by inductive components of the zwitterion. [17] The inductive effects depress the nucleop hilicity of the carbamate anion, reducing formation of the sulfamidates and favouring diamine formation. This allows for the Burgess reagent to be synthetically useful in work other than dehydrative operations. [17] Figure 9 illustrates the conversion of a styrene diol to the diamine compound by treating with the modified Burgess reagent 1. Figure 9. Treatment of the modified Burgess reagent 1 with styrene diol, yielding a diamine compound to demonstrate other uses for this reagent. Martin sulfurane not only participates in dehydrative reactions but also in several other synthetically useful reactions, such as the production of sulfinimines, epoxidation reactions, cleavage of amides and oxidation. [12] Preparation of the diphenylsulfur compound incorporates commercially available 2-phenyl-2-propanol, using potassium hydroxide as the deprotonating agent, bromine and diphenylsulfide. [12] Stereospecificity of a molecule, as a reactant or product, is important in order to carry out biological functions. Under certain conditions, such as varying solvent polarities and reaction temperatures, Martin sulfurane induces stereospecific dehydration that allows for the formation of certain isomers. (E)-isomerism in certain products exists because of trans-E2 eliminations, whereas the (Z)-isomer is more favored due to the attachment of the sulfurane in the antiperiplanar conformation for the E2 elimination. [2] The mechanistic action first involves the exchange of the alkoxy ligand on either side the sulfurane, producing an alkoxysulfonium ion as a result of ionization and then proceeding through E1 or E2 elimination. [12] Illustrated in Figure 10, using tertiary-butyl alcohol as an example, Arhart and Martin suggest that all alcohols used in their experimental appeared to exchange rapidly with the alkoxy ligands of the Martin reagent. The cause of this is not definite but it wa s proposed that a dissociative mechanism was carried out. [10][11] Figure 10. The proposed mechanism illustrating the production of the expected olefin by means of dehydration when Martin sulfurane is used. Similar to the Burgess reagent, dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols yield the expected olefin but treatment of primary alcohols, such as ethanol and neopentyl alcohols with Martin reagent, favors the formation of unsymmetrical ethers due to the absence of structural features that aid in the elevation of ÃŽ ²-proton acidity. [10][11] Wensley et al. reported that treatment of a secondary alcohol with Martin sulfurane can lead to the production of a ketone by oxidation, in addition to the predicted olefin containing compound during the synthesis of their natural product containing a spiroketal enol ether. They proposed that the intermediate, containing the alkoxysulfonium ion, had proceeded forward via two possible routes, one of which was the deprotontation of the ÃŽ ²-proton allowing the olefin (or enol ether) formation and/or the other resulting in oxidation through intermolecular deprotonation by the excess –ORf (Rf = C6H5C(CF3)2 . [13] A paper written by Moslin and Jamison investigated the synthesis of (+)-acutiphycin, a natural metabolite found in blue-green algae, exhibiting effective antineoplastic activity against Lewis lung carcinoma and a potent cytotoxic agent against KB and N1H/3T3 cell lines. [14] The synthesis of (+)-acutiphycin underwent intermolecular condensation, through application of the Reformatsky reaction, affording a ÃŽ ²-hydroxy ketone followed by dehydration with the Martin sulfurane. [14] Prior to treatment with Martin sulfurane, samarium (II) iodide (SmI2 or Kagan’s reagent) was used to carry out the intramolecular Reformatsky reaction. [14] SmI2 has its limitations when intermolecular rearrangements occur because of side reaction formation and and oxidative dimerization of the enolate by the samarium therefore when coupled with Martin sulfurane, a 2-step sequence was carried forward to overcome sterically hindered structures (Figure 11). [12][14] Figure 11. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimers are caused by the degradation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) in the neurotrophin family of proteins. Therapeutic potential of NGFs have been extensively studied for the prevention, slow progression and even the reversal of these disorders. [15][16] Trzoss et al. have investigated other therapeutic strategies by synthetically mimicking neurotrophins in order to allow their biosynthesis. [16] The enantioselective synthesis of (-)-jiadifenin was carried forward with the assistance of Martin sulfurane. Trzoss et al. were unsuccessful when trying to eliminate the secondary alcohol via Barton-McCombie deoxygenation as well as mesylation and treatment with a variety of bases in order to obtain the desired alkene. When treated with Martin sulfurane, the olefin was obtained and was selectively hydrogenated, obtaining a 72% yield in two steps. [16] Geng and Danishefsky recently synthesized the macrolide aigiolamycin D, via Diels-Alder, using disiloxydiene and a 14-membered dienophile also known as the ynolide (or dienophile).[18] Having two or more of the same functional groups within a system can be difficult when trying to selectively treat one of the targets. Protecting groups are important in unsymmetrical synthesis, in comparison with symmetrical molecules which are chemically equivalent and protecting either side (with functional groups) is simple. Greg and Danishefsky proceeded to protect the diol group to allow the loner –OH unit to participate in the upcoming sequences. The loner –OH was protected via a silyl ether to allow the deprotection of the pivaloyl ester and formation of the –OH group. This –OH group can then be treated with Martin sulfurane, in methylene chloride solution, to form the resulting olefin and then deprotection (or conversion) of the dioxylane to the diol. [18] REFERENCES Khapli, S.; Dey, S.; Mal, D. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 2001, 81, 461-476. Li, J.J; Corey, E.J. Name Reactions of Functional Group Transformations. 2007 (Wiley) Meth-Cohn, R.K. Synthesis: Carbon with No Attached Heteroatoms. 2003 (Elsevier) Ballinger, P.; Long, F.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 795-798. Wipf, P.; Miller, C.P. Tetrahedron Letters. 1992, 33, 907-910. Rigby, J.H.; Maharoof, U.S.M.; Mateo, M.E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 6224-6228. Chida, N.; Ohtsuka, M.; Ogawa, S. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 4441-4447. Dolle, R.E.; Nicolaou, K.C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 1691-1694. Daniewski, A.; Wovkulich, P.M.; UskokoviĆ¡. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 7133-7139. Arhart, R.J.; Martin, J.C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 5003-5010 Li, J.J. Name Reactions. 2014 (Springer) Pooppanal, S.S. Synlett. 2009, 5, 850-851. Wensley, A. M.; Hardy, A.O.; Gonsalves, K.M.; Koviach, J.L. Tetrahedron Letters. 2007, 48, 2431-2434. Moslin, R.M.; Jamison, T.F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 15106-15107. Price, R.D.; Milne, S.A.; Sharkey, J.; Matsuoka. Pharmacology Therapeutics. 2007, 115, 292-306. Trzoss, L.; Xu, J.; Lacoske, M.H.; Mobley, W.C.; Theodorakis, E.A. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 4554-4557. Metcalf, T.A.; Simionescu, R; Hudlicky, T. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3447-3450. Geng, X.; Danishefsky, S.J. Org. Letters. 2004, 6, 413-416.

90s :: essays research papers

Music in the nineties can be simply described as diverse. Diverse meaning that music has been segregated into hundreds of groups. This report will refer in detail to three genres of music: Alternative Country, Rap, Alternative Rock. It will also cover certain aspects indicative of the 90's. Alternative Country Music In 1990, a band called Uncle Tupelo from Belleville, Illinois, released their debut album. Titled No Depression, it featured a rough mixture of punk-rock songs, but it also added something different: several toned-down, acoustic ballads that had a distinct country flavor. A few years later, that simple little song and album title became the name of an internet fan club and chat group. It didn't stop there, in 1995, a magazine of the same name went into publication, and "No Depression" soon became the leading title for a progressive alternative country movement. Other names include "insurgent country" "Americana," or simply "alt.country," the latter is a reminder of the role the internet has played in the growth and publicity of this movement. For the most part, No Depression or alt.country bands aren't much of a threat to the sales figures of mainstream Nashville country artists. But the speed with which this music has caught on has shown that a substantial number of people have grown weary of the overproduced pop trends of 1990's mainstream country music, and the limited range of styles and sounds that are typically played on country radio stations. Rap Music Rap of the late 70's and 80's, commonly called "old school", was made by DJs scratching records and playing drum loops, with MCs rapping over the resulting rhythms. As the genre progressed, hard-rock guitars and hard-hitting beats were introduced by Run-D.M.C., the first hardcore rap group, and the scratching techniques were replaced by sampling. With their dense collages of samples, beats and white noise, Public Enemy took sampling to the extreme, and they helped introduce a social and political conscience to rap. This faded in the '90s, as gangsta rap, originally introduced by NWA, who used Public Enemy's sound as a template, became the dominant form. By the '90s, gangsta rap, which originally was in direct opposition to such pop-oriented rappers as MC Hammer, had become smoothed over and stylish, and consequently was more popular than ever, as evidenced by the success of pop-gangsta Puff Daddy in the late 90's. Alternative Rock Music Alternative pop/rock is essentially a catch-all term for post-punk bands from the mid-'80s to the mid-'90s. Though there is a variety of musical styles within alternative rock, they are all tied together since they originally existed outside of the mainstream.

Rabbits in Australia :: Rabbits Animals Australian Herbivores Essays

Rabbits in Australia Introduction Coevolution is a natural phenomenon that has affected all habitats throughout the world. In general, it encompasses the interactions among different species within a general population and the adaptations each species makes to survive in such a diverse environment. The mere presence of all species that are currently in existence is proof that those species have adapted over thousands and millions of years in such a way that allows them to survive and reproduce. Through millions of years of evolution, well-balanced habitats have co-evolved to provide for the wide variety of species and their needs. Trees have adapted to weeds, weeds have adapted to the predation from herbivores, and so on up the food chain. Similar scenarios are seen throughout the world. Through the process of natural selection, specific species or broad species families will go extinct. However, these occurrences have largely been due to the natural flow and evolution of time. It wasn’t until recently that dominant species, such as humans, have taken the course of nature into their own hands. Throughout history, humans have had an increasingly profound impact on the areas in which they inhabit. Human population has increased in a slow yet exponential pattern since their evolution. These growing populations, along with species evolution have directed humans such that they have domesticated themselves and the things around them in ways that are both functionally and aesthetically pleasing. Plant species were transformed into useful crops, wild animals were converted to willing (and sometimes not so willing) companions, animals were hunted for food and for sport, and man's surroundings were modified as were seen fit. However, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. As the environment has become modified, harmful consequences have resulted causing many of the natural coevolutionary processes to fall out of balance. Slowly, the disruption of these delicate balances are taking their toll on the native habitats and transforming small temporary changes into permanent problems. The area of environmental modification that will be emphasized in this paper is the introduction of non-native species to new habitats and the resulting effects on that habitat; specifically, the introduction of the European Rabbit to Australia. History of rabbit origin in Australia It all started in 1859. Australia was slowly becoming populated with European pioneers who sought the newness of the great, unsettled continent. However, there were a few things from home from which they just couldn’t part.

Macbeths Ambition :: essays research papers

Macbeth’s Ambition Political ambition undermines man’s loyalty. In the play, Macbeth decides to kill his king because of his ambition for position. At the beginning of the play, he portrays himself as a noble person. He fights in the battle against Norway and proves his loyalty; however, as soon as the witches prophesize that Macbeth “shall be king hereafter'; (1.3.53), he is not longer trustworthy. Ambition for power starts creeping into his head. After Macbeth’s internal conflict over whether or not to kill Duncan, he decides to do it quickly (1.7.3) in order to hasten the predictions. He decides to kill the king because he wants to extend his power all over the country by becoming the new monarch. He desires to be more wealthy and respected by the nobility as well as by the common people. Becoming king represents the highest rang in the political pyramid. The act of murdering is the only way to make his dreams come true because Duncan’s fair and prosperous rule over Scotland experience the support of the whole population. As Malcom and Donalbain fly to England, he automatically takes possession of the throne. Macbeth displays political ambition first of all because of his wife. After she reads her husband’s letter about his meeting with the witches, she suggests for Macbeth to kill Duncan so she could be queen. At the beginning Macbeth hesitates to talk about such a thing and even lists the reason not to kill: he is his king, his uncle and his guest. Not completely sure about it and victim of his own desires for power he finally accepts Lady Macbeth’s plan for murdering the ruler of Scotland. This decision portrays Macbeth’s dirty morality and easily manageable personality. Macbeth’s character is a clear example of how ambition corrupts man’s personality. After a brief period of hesitation, he finally decides to take the infamous way of murder in order to make his political desires come true. His ambition, stronger than the moral and social condemnation of killing, becomes his sole motive. The American philosopher David Young goes further in this analysis and sees in Macbeth how “the act of regicide is a ready means of illustrating the genesis of tragic structure in struggles for power'; (Young 318).

Avarice in the Crucible

Cambria Anderson Petersen AP English III/Period 3 11 November 2012 Avarice and Vengeance in The Crucible The play The Crucible takes place during the Salem Witch Trials of the 1800s. Yet Arthur Miller does not reveal the tragedy of the witch trials in the manner expected. Miller expresses the underlying causes of the accusations made as those stemming from personal greed and the feeling of revenge. Abigail Williams, Mr. and Mrs. Putnam, and Reverend Samuel Parris all have their own agendas as to why they â€Å"cry witch† on others in their village.Miller outlines the history between Abigail Williams and John Proctor in Act One: Abigail was removed from the Proctor home by Elizabeth, Proctor’s wife, because of an affair happening between her and Proctor. Because of this, Abigail harbors a hate and jealousy towards Elizabeth. In Act Two, a warrant was sent for Elizabeth’s arrest: The girl, the Williams girl, Abigail Williams, sir. She sat to dinner in Reverend Parr is’ house tonight, and without word nor warnin’ she falls to the floor.Like a struck beast, [Parris] says, and screamed a scream that a bull would weep to hear. And [Parris] goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out. And demandin’ of her how she come to be so stabbed, she [†¦] testify it were your wife’s familiar spirit pushed it in. (Miller 79) Abigail knew that from the beginning of the witch scare that she could exact revenge on those who she felt wronged her or took something from her, which would be the case of Elizabeth.Abigail knew Mary Warren made a doll, and was planning to give it to Elizabeth; she also saw Mary Warren stick the needle back in. Abigail took advantage of the situation to provide seemingly irrefutable evidence of witchcraft on Elizabeth’s part. Through this, Proctor sees that vengeance runs these trials, and how easily people turn on one another to get what they want. Proct or also knows that Abigail’s revenge has no limits; she has no shame, and always believes that she is right, much like the character of her uncle, Reverend Parris.At this point, Proctor had to juggle keeping his past a secret from the public and protecting Elizabeth, as Abigail will turn on anyone who â€Å"wrongs† her. Mr. Thomas Putnam and Mrs. Ann Putnam have a sorrowful history of losing their newborn children, while only having one that survives. Mrs. Putnam finds comfort in blaming their midwife, Sarah Osburn, for the deaths, saying, â€Å"I begged [Thomas] not to call Osburn because I feared her. My babies always shriveled in her hands! (I. 50). Mrs. Putnam finds that crying witch on Goody Osburn would solve the â€Å"murder† of her children, yet does not desire to take into account her own role in her pregnancy, being that Miller says she is fourty-five years old (I. 13). Mrs. Putnam, in a way, wants someone to feel the pain of losing seven children, be ing that she is a selfish woman – putting her child in the dangers of witchcraft to find the identity of the person who â€Å"killed† her babies.Accusing someone of witchcraft, and potentially running their life, was the perfect way to exact her so-called â€Å"revenge†. Although Reverend Parris never accused anyone of witchcraft, he refuses to defend Proctor of any charges brought up against him – from insulting the court to claims of witchcraft. In Act Three, Parris takes Proctor’s depositions from Corey Giles and Mary Warren personally, warning Judge Danforth that â€Å"[†¦] since [he] come to Salem [Proctor] is blackening [his] name [†¦]† (110) and â€Å"[Proctor]’s come to overthrow this court, Your Honor! (97). Aside from trying to protect his reputation, Parris makes such allegations about Proctor in an attempt to prove Proctor as an unreliable messenger. Parris wants to get vengeance for what he feels Proctor has do ne to him, just as Abigail wants revenge on Elizabeth. But, these alleged wrong-doings have only come from Parris’s mouth; he seems to enjoy taking things personal when they come from Proctor, and the courtroom scene is the perfect place for Parris to return the hate he feels from Proctor.The Salem Witch Trials proved to be a time of tragedy and mass hysteria as accusations ran rapidly through the small Massachusetts village. The source of the witchcraft charges came from the village people’s personal greed and want of retribution, as well as many other contributing factors. Abigail, Parris, and the Putnams all used this situation to their advantage, hoping to get some personal satisfaction out of their charges, thus ruining lives of their victims: Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctor, and Sarah Osburn.

The Evolving Finance Function

The pay subdivision provided a wide hold of financial services to them. * The forecasting & analytics department was merged with the finance department. * Recruitment in the finance department were higher than the former(a) departments, which consisted of Mambas from good B- schools in USA. * There was no rigidity the finance department was invariably re-structured. Pre-conditions that enablight-emitting diode Mercers finance group to develop its capabilities * The shine with was constantly rated amongst the best in the U. S. A. They had a vision to grow, which was evident from their financial figures.Exhibit 1 * To cater to the growth they formed some(prenominal) alliances, in the form of Joint Ventures, which led to an increase in their food market jacketization. In order to maintain and increase their market capitalization in the future they matte the aim to come up with a work which can help them to in effect analyses the returns on their investments in future. * The y faced great competition from the local players in generic wine drugs and to maintain an edge over them they came up with this exercise. * As they focused on Innovation, they had spacious R&D expenditure which unploughed Increasing year after year.They did not submit a fit model to classify the expenditure as capital or revenue, nor could they ascertain the profitability from a given product or venture. * owe to the currency fluctuations and to manage their foreign give-and-take hedging castles, they came up with a suitable long term revenue hedging model. * They came up a long federal agency under the effective leadership of Ms. Judy Lent, who unplowed taking Annihilative In carrying come forward various tasks outside her domain. Her Job include 25% assignments and 75% Initiative. * Her effective finding making also played an consequential role In eloping Merck develop its capabilities.Can other companies develop similar capabilities? * Merck had a exceedingly effect ive but complex model and improper execution of which could lead to a total chaos. * Their strength was Research and Development, which was cristal earlier AT tenet readily TTY. I en same need not De ten case flag toner companies. * Therefore, if Merck did, other companies too can come up with a similar model. every it needs is being systematic and have efficient leadership. However, organizations can come up with their own models capitalizing on their own strengths and supply to their own needs.

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

Executive SummaryMobility, latest trends and technologies are three most significant factors that customer seek today when they walk-in in an electronic item’s outlet. Years before the journey of technology started out from the calculator the most basic computer as we call it. Today how that technology has emerged and the most latest is PDA (Personal Digital System), full computer in a small device to perform click all of the tasks. New Nokia Mobile phone has all the features of a desktop computer, no need of a laptop.You get your product to begin with.The english major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school. 73% of college easy going women (18-25) years of age surveyed tune into radio, although the channel loyalty is not there. The most frequent listening occurs after dinner time.This is different from male portable radio listeners as the FM channels are replacing cassettes as a music source while driving, o ther survey shows that second one of the popular source of music are the FM stations, FM 89, 91 and 106.Finding the demographics of your target marketplace will permit you to good tailor the launch strategy to the folks.

180 million), 16.667% of Pakistanis are young. Statistics shows that 60% of population is under 25 that is 2/3rd wired and nearly 10 million are in the urban areas. GEN X and GEN Y is the most experienced  and accessed generation in the human history.A merchandise is a new product procured or produced by the business to meet with the requirements of the customer.Our Secondary objective is to make good profits and make few more products like this with working hand in hand with the fashion and our way would be walking extract from earrings to necklaces, bracelets and other fashion accessories.Marketing ResearchMethods of Data collection:Basically there are two methods of data collection:1) Primary Data2) Secondary DataPrimary Data Collection:Primary available Data is that data which is collected specifically for the project at hand. The primary data for our assignment resulted from the unstructured interviews that we conducted from different many friends and family members and also many strangers.Secondary Data Collection:Secondary Data is that data, which has already been collected for some other purpose but can be used as reference material.The aim is getting your product into the industry although delivery methods vary widely based on the product.

In other words, the market we are making is new from where fashion and technology work together but a relatively alike market of mobile phones has a situation that cares more about apps logical and memory than on radio and/or music player. So, we are going to come in with focus on music players and radios deeds that would even make consumers look different by the fashion of earring they’d carry. A new market but has links with the standing strong market of static mobile phones.The ProductIntroduction of product:Now days, mobility is becoming an important factor in electronic devices.A superb product isnt simple to define since itll mean things.Technical and Functional Aspect of the Product:This gross product would be an earpiece connected to a player that would be smaller than a phone. Both the devices would be connected via Bluetooth. Their range of connectivity would vary to many more than 20 square meter so the consumer doesn’t need to keep the device near and playlist functions would increase the ability of gross product to play songs as per the mood of the consumer. Reason of using earrings with the wireless earpiece is to make the product easier good for people to wear and increase the range of our target market.To start with, youre mindful of how much it costs to create your merchandise.

Issue: How to identify the potential outlets?Mission statement:â€Å"We are the followers of the latest trend we strongly believe that fashion develops, we provide the best and quality is never compromised. Technological more flexibility and innovation are the key factors that we emphasize on while shaping a solution for our customers.† Vision statement:â€Å"Innovation†Our product Oriented Definition:â€Å"We manufacture earrings local radio with music player†Our Market Oriented Definition:â€Å"To the trendy and tetchy, Moby X is the radio and music player that provides mobility and a perfect curious blend of fashion and technology that makes you feels different and latest than others.†Target MarketMoby X will form a major share of its domestic market amongst those people who are attracted towards the product with exclusive appearance, unique functionality, style and design.Describe the way your target marketplace free will get your merchandise and also how youll market your goods.The mini chip radio and music player in the earrings itself is fascinating and will communicate on its own towards the people who are engrossed through mini products.Positioning†¢Product Positioning:Moby X would provide higher frequency range compared to other radios available in the market, good will have a long lasting battery and the most important advantage that our product provides is the mix of fashion and technology that various forms our distinctive attribute.Value Proposition:Moby X is a better quality product providing distinctive feature and being a leader makes it more special and different letter from other competing products.  LAPCO using latest Japanese technologies is most reliable and durable.In the product description, you should explain what product or your service is, the particular thrust of apply your strategy and the strategies thatll be used to do your own objectives.

†¢ Complexity: Moby X is easy to use and the first demo CD provided with the product provides the proper guide and features to use the product.†¢ Divisibility: Moby X is an expensive product and initially no discounted rates can be offered.†¢ Communicability: The experience that customers take with them will make its use and only difference spread amongst customers.Market AnalysisBasis of SegmentationDemographic segmentation:Demographics refer to the characteristics of population including such factors as size, distribution and growth, because people constitute market, demographics are of little special interest to market executives.In the end, it is not mysterious and youll be able position to promote your company or to manage a person to deal with advertising for you once you understand how pieces fit together.Any one lying in the income bracket of Rs 50,000+ can afford this productPsychographic Segmentation:The psychographics of the Moby X can be analyzed by r eviewing the advertisement. The lifestyle shown in Moby X advertisements portray successful, sophisticated, professional women who are active energetic and full of life. Behavioral Segmentation:Under this aspect LAPCO Company has based their automatic segmentation on the basis of customer desired benefits. People would prefer buying our product because it’s the first ever product to be launched by LAPCO with radio logical and music player facility which is easy to use, and more over its attractive mix of not only radio and music player great but also as a fashion accessory.The plan has to be accessible to any employee at any given moment.

Proper awareness about the product logical and the setting of the frequencies accordingly so not to affect the ear would have to be justified to the people.Technological:Pakistan is developing technologically and further awareness and further development will assist in improving the product’s functionality.Competitor AssessmentCOMPETITOR ANALYSISMoby X is competing in portable media industry.Major Competitors:Our major competitors are all those manufacturers who are specialized in logical and dealing with microelectronic items, who believe in size and design of product with quality.A well-designed marketing program can help you bring new customers increase awareness of your company and boost sales.COMPETITIVE STRATEGIESDifferentiation:Moby X is an innovation in the arena of radios and all kinds of classical music players. It gives connectivity to the outside world in a way that adds value and beauty to the face.Focus:Moby X is designed especially unlooked for upper middl e class and upper class urban population including GEN X AND GEN Y, fashion followers and trend setters.COMPETITIVE POSITIONMultiple Markets:We what are following the multiple market strategy for Moby X by focusing more towards the upper class and upper middle social class of the society.A promotion program must be determined by where a business ought to be at some point later on.

Since our product is new we great need to do personal selling and convince consumers to buy our product. Then eventually as we gain a foot hold in the market we will have retailers selling our product.Marketing StrategyMARKETING MIXPRODUCT CLASSIFICATION:Moby X is broadly classified as consumer product and under this category we define it as a own specialty product because it is a perfect mix of style and technology. It involves strong brand preference and loyalty, special purchase efforts by consumers, little comparison of brands and low price sensitivity.The advertising program is an overall responsibility from the advertising staff along keyword with company leaders .It includes 3 years’ money back warranty and a pair of fabulous earrings along with the product. Customers are encouraged to fair share their views about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience through surveys conducted at the outlets. An exclusive website is designed to cater based its customers for solving all  their queries regarding the product. Online purchasing service is also available.Face it is a chore.

3 years (Limited) Warranty.Size – (1/3x 1/3 x 3/8) mm is the size of radio chip. 30 x 20 x 5 mm is the size of the earring. Weight – 1/2 oz is the low weight of the earring radio.Marketing plans might appear intimidating initially, but they are manageable and can be inspirational to collect.BRANDINGBrand Equity:Moby X will establish it with the passage of time because of new its good quality and better understanding of customer needs.Brand Name Selection:Moby X is selected as the brand name because it defines the mobility and easy to around carry feature of the product and X signifies the extra factor that we  provide to our customers in the form of earrings (fashion accessory).Brand Sponsorship:LAPCO is manufacturer’s brand.Brand Development:No extension.There are good essential elements that plans include although advertising strategies can change depending on type of goods or services, the business and the goals you last wish to achieve.

Free demo CD is also given. Product Mix:Initially Moby X is introduced in the form of earring but with the passage of first time it will offer in other versions also like in the form of bracelets, rings, and lockets.Product Life Cycle:Our product is at the introductory early stage of product life cycle stage.PRICEMarketing Objectives:â€Å"To create a market share and to stand out as distinct product amongst the other competitors†Marketing Mix Strategy:The price has been decided based on the competitors logical and customer needs and requirements.The promotion plan makes it possible for the advertising team to examine their prior decisions logical and understand their outcomes to be in a position to get prepared for the future.PRODUCT PRICING STRATEGYComparing competitor’s pricingCompetitorPriceSinclair XI Button RadioRs. 2304.93FM Mini Radios Rs.719.3500.PLACEMENTThe product would be sold through â€Å"Indirect Marketing Intermediary†. The product will be sold through push strategy that is product would be first distributed to the wholesalers and then to retailer. The retailers would assist in creating contact with the other retailers which would expand the network and add value.

Newspaper:Moby X is an expensive and new product. There is need to create awareness amongst people that such a product exists. ‘Dawn’ newspaper would be a better choice to advertise being one for the most popular newspapers in Pakistan. A full page would be dedicated to advertise the product providing  a detail know how of the features and distinctive attributes.Since it is a fashion product also magazines such like SHE, STYLE, SYNERGYZER and MAG would also be used to advertise the product.Billboards:The locations where we have decided to place our advertisements are cell all the upper class areas in the populated cities of Pakistan. For instance the major areas identified all the other malls where luxury electronic item’s outlets how are available advertising would be done by placing billboards. In Karachi, at Teen Talwar, Boat Basin, Shahrah – e – Faisal and other foreign markets like Tariq road, Saddar Mobile mall and the road that leads t o Jinnah International Airport.com that special offers all the latest songs.Sales Promotion:One free pair of earring apart from the one already provided in the package would be given with the product.Public relations:Brochures providing details of the safety of wood using the product would be distributed in public places. Articles about the working and flexibility in use would be published in a leading magazine to inform the public about the safety in using this product.August: Increase our relative market share and launch our product in other flat major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Islamabad.September: We will start an integrated internet campaign targeting young college students.