The Nogo Railroad

The NoGo Railroad I. Problems A. Macro 1. Union problems need to be addressed at corporate level. 2. Massive changes are needed in personnel policies that can only be accomplished through intensive union and executive sessions. 3. This organization may not survive the needed changes. There may not be time for organization development to be used and the revolutionary method—organization transformation—may be too radical. 4. Changes may not be allowed by management at this time. Change is inevitable and the longer that NoGo waits, the more radical those changes will be.B. Micro 1. Dave Keller is in a no-win situation. 2. The only hope Dave has of making all the needed changes would be to accomplish the needed changes over a long period of time with empowerment and support from top management. 3. In the short term, Dave can attempt to gain employee support. Because the union is so strong, it is doubtful that he can obtain much support. II. Causes 1. Union stronghold. 2. Co mpany has been reacting to changes instead of proactively forecasting changes. 3.Management is not cohesive; they do not share information, support, or resources with employers and lower-level managers. III. Systems affected 1. Structural – job descriptions and the formal structure are very rigid, largely because of years of practice. 2. Psychosocial – Dave is very unsure of the security of his position and suspects he is being set up. Other employees, including some in management, want to preserve the status quo. 3. Technical – the technology has change through the years but the organization has failed to recognize the change.As evidence is the archaic job titles (fireman) and job descriptions. 4. Managerial – virtually no support from management for Dave to make changes. Management seems to be as much of the problem as unionized employees. Everyone seems to want to protect his or her turf. 5. Goals and values – though â€Å"status quo† is actually not a value, it never-the-less is what employees in many cases value. Their goal is not to change. IV. Alternatives 1. Dave can forge on ahead and suggest changes as he sees them.If top management does not begin to press for changes, the organization will probably cease to exist. 2. Management needs to consider what they will offer to unions prior to the next contract in order to make the following changes. a. Positions need to be eliminated. b. Positions need to be combined. c. Featherbedding and nepotism need to be eliminated from all levels of the organization. 3. Some proposed â€Å"carrots†: a. Management reduces unnecessary managerial and corporate staff as well as union positions. . The Board of Directors ties future management and union pay raises together. Pay increases will also be tied to productivity and profits. 4. Management should consider confrontation with union. a. This alternative needs to be carefully considered. b. There would be the possibility of violent confrontations. c. There will be many legal ramifications and expenses incurred by both sides. d. Even if the company is successful in obtaining concessions from the union, the company may have future problems.In unpopulated areas such as Montana, Idaho, and Washington, future employees will probably have ties to former union railroad employees. V. Recommendations Dave should attempt to make the necessary changes for NoGo to become a healthy organization. Unless he is able to live with the old corporate culture, he will not be effective. When Dave is â€Å"fed up,† he will probably resign. Hopefully before that point, the company’s top management will become supportive of the needed change programs. Meanwhile, Dave needs to be realistic about his future and keep his resume up to date.

George Mead Theory Essay

â€Å"the self is something which has a development; it is not initially there, at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity, that is, develops in the given individual as a result of his relations to that process as a whole and to other individuals within that process.† * was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists * He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general. * Mead is well-known for his theory of the social self, which is based on the central argument that the self is a social emergent. * Mead’s most widely read work, Mind, Self and Society, gives priority to society over the mind and highlights the idea that the social leads to the development of mental states. * Mind is a process, not a thing, and it is found in social phenomena rather than within individu als. * The self occupies a central place in Mead’s theory. * Self is essentially a social structure and it arises in social experience. It is the unique combination of the roles and individual play in relation to others – the complex blending of individual motivations and socially desirable responses. * The self consists of an â€Å"I† which the active side and as object, called â€Å"me†. * Infants begin with no self. As they learn to use the language and other symbols, the self emerges through play which involves taking the roles of significant others. * Gradually children move from simpler games to more complex ones involving others such as team sports. Mead called this generalized others to refer to the general cultural norms and values people use as references in evaluating others. * Mead defines self as the ability to take oneself as an object and identifies basic mechanism of the development of the self as reflexivity – the ability to put ourselves into the place of others and acts as they act. * Self can arise only through social experiences, and the traces its development to two stages in childhood: the play stage and game stage. * Play stage – children learn how to take the attitude of particular others themselves. * Game stage – children learn how to take the role of many others and the attitude of the generalized other. * I – is the immediate response of an individual to others; it is unpredictable and creative aspect of the self. * Me – is the organized set of attitudes of others that an individual assumes; it is how society dominates the individual and is a source of social control. Mead’s theory on social self * The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the product of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction. It is not initially there at birth but arises in the process of social experience and activity. * Language – allows individuals to take on the â€Å"role of the other† and allows people to respond to his or her own gestures in terms of symbolized attitudes of others. * Is communication via â€Å"significant symbols† and it is through significant communication that the individual is able to take the attitudes of others toward his/herself. Language is not only a â€Å"necessary mechanism† of the mind, but also the primary social foundation of self. * Play – individuals take on the roles of other people and pretend to be those other people in order to express the expectation of significant others. * This process of role-playing is the key to generation of self-consciousness and to the general development of the self. * In the play, the child takes the role of another and acts as though he/she were the other. This form of role-playing involves a single role at a time. Thus, the other which comes into the child’s experience in play is a â€Å"specific other† * Game – individual is required to internalize the roles of all others who are involved with him or her in the game and must comprehend the rules of the game. * Is the stage of social process at which * Generalized other- organized and generalized attitude of a social group. * consists of a composite of all those who contribute and participate in one’s society * The individual defines his or her own behavior with reference to the generalized attitude of the social group(s) they occupy. When an individual can view him/herself from the standpoint of the generalized other, self-consciousness in the full sense of the terms is attained. * Me – represents the expectations and the attitudes of others (generalized others). It is the organized set of attitudes others that the individual assumes. * Is the social self * The organized set of attitudes of others which one himself assumes * is that part of the â€Å"self† which comes about as a result of the individual’s internalization of society’s values and behavior expectations * I – is the response to the â€Å"me†, or the person’s individuality. * Response of the organism to the attitudes of others * is that part of the â€Å"self† which is spontaneous * Self – develops by internalizing the norms of one’s society * Significant other – are those with whom the individual has an â€Å"important† relationship

What Does It Mean to Be Well-Educated Essay

In the article â€Å"What Does It Mean to Be Well-Educated† Mr. Kohn point out 6 points on being educated. Point 1.The Point of Schooling. (Nel Noddings the professor emerita at Stanford University, urges us to reject â€Å"the deadly notion that the schools’ first priority should be intellectual development† and contends that â€Å"the main aim of education should be to produce competent, caring, loving, and lovable people.†) I like this quote on the purposes of education. I work in a Christian School the maine goal for us as teachers and coaches is to participate in the development of a well-rounded student so they can learn the knowledge and skills they need to be successful in life. The next point that I would like to discuss is the concept of evaluating people as a whole vs. someone’s education. In this point Mr. Kohn talks about the difference in being well educated and the difference from simply being provided with a poor education. Is there a difference? I personally believe there are different types of education and not all people learn the same way. In the city that I live in there are many choices for schools from private to public. In some cases people move multiple times to keep their children in the district with the best schools. You must look at the person and where they came from in some families unfortunately education is not a main concern survival as a whole may be. Therefore we must look at the whole person not just the education someone may have. The next point is the absence of consensus, in this point Mr. Kohn discusses what a high school student should know or be able to do. He goes on to talk about the local and state and national standards. Should they all be the same? I believe it would be hard for every state to have the same standards across the board for education. There are going to be obvious areas where education is valued and areas where simply surviving is important. The district in my area is too large and some of the same standards do not make sense and applied to each town and county. I think that having standards is a good thought but there should be a better way of measuring these standards than simply testing the students sometimes individuals are not very good at test taking. Another important point Kohn discusses is all the definitions used for accommodations and school terms that do not make sense. The concept of seat time, which is the idea of being in a seat for a specific amount of  time dose not mean that you are well-educated. Just by setting in a lecture or listening to a new concept doesn’t always mean that you will retain that information that was being taught. The average person forgets or can’t remember what was said to them 48 hours ago. Another term is the term job skills Kohn states that â€Å"It would be a mistake to reduce schooling to vocational preparation, if only because we can easily imagine graduates who are well-prepared for the workplace (or at least for some workplaces)† In this statement he is telling us that someone with just one skill will be at a disadvantage, throughout life because of the way the world is changing with new technology that is making everything move quicker. The idea of test score is a point that interests me as well, just because you scored well on tests does not necessarily mean that you will be able to retain information from what you read. I think that some people have anxiety when it comes to tests specifically those with time limits and the added pressure of scoring well. In some cases teachers are under so much pressure to teach what will be on the test more then the concepts formulas of the material of the class. They are not always teaching what the proper foundations are of the subject. They are required to have certain scores for their classrooms to be successful. Another interesting point that is made is the Memorization of a bunch o’ facts. Kohn explains, â€Å"Familiarity with a list of words, names, books, and ideas is a uniquely poor way to judge who is well-educated.† Just because you can talk about great authors remember some quotes and tell some theories doesn’t mean you are well informed. Kohn also talks about the hierarchy of the graduation process and who is in charge of deciding who passes and fails because of a standardized test. It seams to be problem in multiple states. To be able to graduate you must fit in the required credits courses requirements. â€Å"This is disturbing not merely because of the inherent limits of the tests, but also because teaching becomes distorted when passing those tests becomes the paramount goal. Students arguably receive an inferior education when pressure is applied to raise their test scores, which means that high school exit exams may actually lower standards.† With this statement you can see that Mr. Kohn feels that’s the test scores are not actually relevant to all. He goes on to tell us more about the â€Å"Pass this standardized test or you don’t graduate,† If we look at most states we see that they are using curriculum standards to help students graduate with  the same standards as others students in other states. Students are learning facts, skills, and sub skills that they are expected to master at the grade level to continue on to the next grade level. The final point Kohn brings about talking about what it takes to be well-educated. Kohn, lists some qualities that are used to help you to succeed. â€Å"Schooling is organized around problems, projects, and questions – as opposed to facts, skills, and disciplines.† If teachers can focus on this and apply this to there classroom then knowledge and learning become exciting for the students. â€Å"Teachers are generalists first and specialists (in a given subject matter) second;† With this statement you can see that if you can apply this to your class room that you can succeed and continue to have a great learning environment. Well-educated people have general knowledge of world needed for making rational decisions in personal and intellectual life and basic skills, which develops the analytical ability to order and adapt to the changing environment. With an open mind, which helps to set up new and different goals in life, and with experiences and the skill to analyze and value the others’ ideas or thoughts. In Proverbs 1:7–9. 7 the fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and discipline. 8 Listen, my son, to your father’s instruction and do not forsake your mother’s teaching. 9 They will be a garland to grace your head and a chain to adorn your neck. This verse speaks to the lessons you have learned not only from your parents and the Bible but also from your time in school. Learning never ends to be well-educated you need to have the desire to learn and grow as the world continues to change.

Irigaray an Essentialist or not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Irigaray an Essentialist or not - Essay Example She observes that women have been traditionally excluded from history of philosophy and psychoanalytic theories, only being related to other categories of the nature and matter instead. This denies women an opportunity to gain their own female subject position, which is distinguishable from the aspects of nature and matter (Fuss, 63). According to her, in the concept of philosophy, psychoanalytic theory and linguistic structure, a separate female position and identity does not exist, and thus women only gain subjectivity, when being associated with men. It is on the basis of this fact that she advocates for the concept of mimesis, which allows the members of a social group to come together, despite their differences, to take the advantage of the similarity that they exude, and forge a common identity, which would allow them to achieve certain goals (Fuss, 58). This advocacy requires women to take the advantage of the femininity, and forge an identity that they apply to push for recog nition and advocate for their rights, whenever they feel that such rights are not easily granted. Through the observation that women has no distinct subject position from that of nature and matter, Irigaray goes further to subject the stereotypes that are often given about women to scrutiny, to analyze such subjective views and put them into perspective (Fuss, 64). This is perceived through the lens of philosophy history and language. She upholds that women are not subjected to real views of themselves, and thus they should apply the views they are subjected to, to deny the stereotypes and show their true position. Therefore, if women are stereotyped to be illogical, then they should speak and act logically, so that they can disapprove that notion (Fuss, 71). She holds the view that negative prejudices and views against women cannot be overcome by merely ignoring the views, rather through confronting and demystifying the views in a more

Euro RSCG Worldwide Named Largest Global Advertising Agency Essay

Euro RSCG Worldwide Named Largest Global Advertising Agency - Essay Example One of the main objectives, it seems, of advertisers is to create a positive brand image by making one product stand out from other competing products. In local markets, buyers are going to have their own experience-based perceptions about a particular brand. For example, if many owners in a local European market have had poor experiences with quality when buying a Volvo, it is likely that the brand will not sell well in this market. Senior level managers, from the professional level, must understand whether or not these negative (or sometimes positive) perceptions exist and work to undo this damage using clever advertising tactics. Essentially, the senior level adman/adwoman must know their market environments and be ready with advertising tactics which will give the best image to the particular product brand. This is especially true when advertising globally because each region will have different feelings about products, due to the fact that brand reputation and consumer perceptio ns will determine the ability to sell products and remain profitable. Another professional trait is to understand the financial aspects of the advertising objectives so as to measure, successfully, whether a particular advertising campaign is meeting with success or failure. At the highest levels of an advertising organisation, there is going to be the need to understand whether or not to allow higher budgets for advertising or whether to cut in certain areas in order to remain profitable. One publication identifies that expenditures in advertising need to be routinely considered to ensure that monies are not being wasted on fruitless and ineffective advertising for products (slideshare.net, 2008). This would mean having a strong understanding of how to comprehend different sales reports and balance sheets (from an accounting perspective), in order to provide the best budget for the particular brand or products. Once again, because there

Constitutional law of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Constitutional law of the European Union - Essay Example The cited law is usually referred by the judiciary of the member states. Where the laws of member states do not provide due rights, the EU law can be enforced through courts of member states. If it is transposed into the laws of member states e.g. Directives, then European Commission can initiate proceedings against the member state at fault under the EC Treaty. The Court of Justice of the EU is the apex court to interpret the laws where required. The supplementary sources of EU law are backed by the case laws, international and the common principles of EU law2. Research Questions 1. Looking at all relevant sources of EU law can your client rely on any cause of action in the UK courts under EU law? 2. Should the UK Supreme Court make a preliminary reference to the CJEU over the interpretation of the term â€Å"armed forces†? 3. The Supreme Court in January 2013 confirms the Court of Appeal’s judgment. Can your client claim damages for the UK’s infringement of his EU law rights under Directive 2000/78/EC and general principles? 4. How can your client challenge the adoption of Regulation 2010/666/EU in the CJEU and its validity before the domestic courts? Research Methodology In this paper, it is planned to conduct a literature review with the support of internet research and manually found books on European Union Law. Literature review comes under the category of qualitative research. In a number of researches, we have seen literature review as part of introduction section whereas most of the professors prefer a detailed review separately. The literature review contains many important functions such as it ensures not to re-introduce the things, gives credit where the credit is due, demonstrates thorough knowledge relating to research problem, informs research issues concerning research questions, assists in the ability to critically evaluate concerned information, supports to integrate the literature in vogue, provides new insights of the co nceptual framework for research and finally, ensures that the researcher should be capable of influencing reader’s mind about the new research that carries value added information3. Qualitative Research is well established. Qualitative research enables the research to scrutinize already available literature on the topic related to the research. Literature review is a sort of qualitative research. Internet research is a very useful information tool to gather information of all sorts whether general or specific. It provides focused and purposeful information; the sources are internet-based resources (appropriate forum for discussion to the literary personnel) and it provides immediate access to desired information. A variety of information on each and every subject is available on the Internet, which provides great help to the researchers in their research work. The internet information is not confined to researchers only. Any one (students, teachers, doctors, engineers, scient ists, journalists etc.,) can access to the information4. Keywords Used Keywords play an important role in a research assignment. Once they are in place, they can be used to discover the untapped opportunities.

Fieldwork plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fieldwork plan - Essay Example 2009: 73). The realm of civil society in Saudi was for long a neglected field and least studied have been conducted in this region among others of Middle East and GCC countries. Activists and intellectuals advocating for developments and reforms concerning human rights as social actors have gradually been effectively active since early 2000s. The increased advocacies on human rights have subsequently increased the space for people to pressure governments from bellow thereby representing a greater challenge (Alhargan, 2012). This PhD thesis aims to investigate the nature of civil society in Saudi Arabia and examines the suitability of the civil society theories and to what extent such theories can be applied to the Saudi context. Moreover, this research aims at determining whether the same theories should modify and develop to guide those who are interested in this field. Notably, this fieldwork aims at collecting primary qualitative data on civil society in Saudi Arabia. Such data will be collected in various forms and structures; furthermore, that data will contain depicting functions it performs, the influence it has upon the broad society and the ruling powers, and the effectiveness by which it discharges these functions. The fieldwork also aims to gather in-depth information about the role of the religious leadership in the development of civil society, and their influence on political authority. The research shall also obtain information about tribal regional and sectarian identities and their impact on civil society. Numerous studies have since concentrated on the relationship between civil society and religion. This has been so for long time particularly since the Roman Catholic Church concentrated its focus on marginalized areas and politically unstable regions. According to Alhargan, local actors advocating civil rights mainly arose from the religious establishment, unaffiliated government clerics, independent rights activists

Domestic Violence and Human Trafficking in Latin America Research Paper

Domestic Violence and Human Trafficking in Latin America - Research Paper Example â€Å"Latin America and the Caribbean have the highest rates of gender violence of any region of the world excluding fundamentalist Muslim countries, where statistics are not kept and discrimination against women is institutionalized† (â€Å"Half†). This paper will focus primarily on Latin America (namely Colombia and Ecuador) and the human trafficking and domestic violence issues these two countries face, the reasons for the prevalence of these issues in these countries, and what can be and is being done about them. According to Berry, â€Å"domestic violence† refers to â€Å"abuse by one person of another in an intimate relationship† (1). Domestic abuse is not restricted to husband-wife or boyfriend-girlfriend, but can also include sibling abuse, elder abuse, and child abuse; however, for this paper, the focus on violence against women will be discussed. Berry goes on to discuss the lack of boundaries in the issue of domestic violence; she states that â€Å"statistics have proven that abuse knows no boundaries: racial, ethnic, religious, or socioeconomic. It occurs among the very rich and the very poor, the highly educated and the illiterate, in all parts of the world† (9). Domestic abuse not only indicates foundational disintegration within a family unit, but can also be an indicator of the same sort of internal rot at a societal level. â€Å"It emerges as a serious violation of human rights that abrogates the women’s right to dignity, equality, autonomy, and physical and mental well being,† state Mehrotra and Banerjee, observing the issue at the personal level. Nodding at the societal level, Mehrotra and Banerjee go on to say that â€Å"violence is not only a manifestation of unequal, disempowering and unjust power relations, but is also a costly economic phenomenon resulting in significant looses of productive potential† (38). A country cannot move forward and hold itself back at the same time. A land cannot be both full of success

Short Essay of Music History Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short of Music History - Essay Example According to the text, African American music replicates the styles of music and performances that still exist in Africa. These kinds of music integrate human life experiences since the communities strongly consider music to be a fundamental part of life. According to African life and music are inseparable. Because of this, the performances of music not only signifies entertainment but also accompanies certain activities. Further, the performers enjoy close associations with the community.   Musicians therefore frequently perform music in the communities they come from and for the community members as opposed to the European culture, which solicits the service of trained musicians. To further, explore these facts, I will visit the African cultural center and learn more about their music and its origins. This study will also encompass the uncovering the characteristics of African American music and how it relates to African culture. I am now knowledgeable of the fact that the first African Americans in the nation came as a very small group and server as free or semi-free slaves. They held closely their cultural values even as they slowly became aware of the different cultural experiences of the Europeans. The increase in colonies and the need for workers in the plantations led to the increase of the slaves in the nation. With the continued stay in America, their familiarity with the American culture increased factors that became even more evident with the second generation African Americans. Unlike the first generation immigrants, the second generation embraced the American culture at relatively higher levels. However, the determination of the first generation African Americans to maintain their cultural values caused the community to integrate those culture for example in their music. African American music demonstrates this fact as seen in the way it expresses the culture of the African continent.

Literary Theme Essay Essay Example for Free

Literary Theme Essay Essay The Privilege of Freedom â€Å"Only the educated are free.† Said by Epicetus, this simple quote demonstrates the importance of education. A solid education will provide for an excellent future and give one freedom: freedom to take on a career, to jump at opportunities, and to make choices. There is no saying where the future might take an educated man. Dangarembga uses highly educated and successful characters to illustrate the privilege of education and the power, control, and freedom that it provides. Dangarembga shows that education can change a life for the better by presenting the main character, Tambu, with the privilege of attending an outstanding school. When Tambu is given the opportunity to live with her uncle and go to the mission school, she is thrilled to become educated. Before her brother died, â€Å"the needs and sensibilities of the women in† her â€Å"family were not considered a priority,† and school was not an option for her (Dangarembga 12). Education has provided Tambu with the privilege to escape her old life on the homestead and â€Å"take another step upwards in the direction of† her â€Å"freedom† (Dangarembga 186). Also, education has given Tambu the power to use her education to control the rest of her life. â€Å"By the time she has finished Form Four,† she â€Å"will be able to take† her â€Å"course, whatever it is that† she chooses (Dangarembga 183). â€Å"In time,† she â€Å"will be earning money,† which will then lead to a career and onto the rest of her life (Dangarembga 183). The wealth that Tambu will earn when she is successful will provide for her and her entire family. Education builds the foundation of Tambu’s future, and â€Å"the prospect of this freedom† is unlimited (Dangarembga 186). The character, Babamakuru, is used by Dangarmebga to demonstrate that one educated relative effects an entire family. Education is â€Å"not just an individual blessing† but one that extends to all members of a â€Å"less fortunate family† (Dangarembga 89). For example, Dangarembga shows that one educated man can support the whole family. Babamakuru, â€Å"who had obtained a Bachelor’s Degree in South Africa,† is extremely generous and provides resources and opportunities for his entire family (Dangarembga 13). Whenever Babamakuru goes to visit the homestead, he comes bearing food, gifts, and supplies for the family to thrive off of. Also, Babamakuru is responsible for Tambu’s education and her coming to the mission school. To Tambu’s family, â€Å"Babamakuru was God†, â€Å"big brother to all†, and â€Å"his divinity† filled them â€Å"with awe† (Dangarembga 70, 36, 88). â€Å"As an early educated African,† Babamakuru has â€Å"found himself in positions that enable him to organize his immediate world and its contents as he wished† (Dangarembga 88). His great power has insulated him â€Å"from the necessity of considering alternatives unless they were his own† (Dangarembga 88). Education has given him opportunities that have led to great power and control over others; nobody â€Å"dares to challenge his authority† ((Dangarembga 117). Without a well-educated, successful man like Babamakuru, Tambu’s family would not be as the same. Throughout Nervous Conditions ¸ Dangarembga exemplifies the key role that education plays in becoming wealthy and successful. The basis of a good future begins with education. Such a privilege can lead to so many new things, and when one is educated, the possibilities are endless. Works Cited Dangarembga, Tsitsi. Nervous Conditions. New York: Seal, 1989.

Protection Of The Uncrc Children And Young People Essay

Protection Of The Uncrc Children And Young People Essay In every part of the world, children are particularly vulnerable beings thus they should be in contained of every rights that recognize their need for protection and harboured away from any intentional and unintentional harm. Littlechild (2000) construe child protection as children requiring proper protection from their states and agents, because they are not up to power in protecting themselves. It is fundamental children should be nurtured in a safe and healthy environment, benefitting them in all areas of development and future progress. Siraj-Blatchford and Woodhead (2009) shared, a childs progress and success in life depends primarily on the earliest experiences of a childs learning. It is the responsibility and duty of care of the stakeholders to safeguard children by creating a positive and responsive environment for them. ODonnell and Seymour (2004) analysed issues of childrens disadvantages in unfavourable situations are due to economic factors, poverty, social values, norms and traditions. These adversities put children at stake of education disadvantages and impairment in aspects of physical, intellectual and social-emotional development. These consequently escalate later in life to unemployment, violence, crimes, poor housing, poor health and illness hence shortening lives and poor parenting skills to provide for the younger ones. Davis (2011) identified these conditions persist from childhood to adulthood and transmit across one generation to another. He added that intervention services are needed for these people so as they can better provide and equip themselves with common necessities and break the cycle of poverty. Laming (2009) acknowledged the same to protect children at risk and actions to be taken at soonest. It is necessary for stakeholders with authority to interrupt the chain of negati ve effects by investing early and intensively in childrens rights and wellbeing. Outlining UNCRC, Britto (2012) noted it has incorporated fifty-four articles, categorized into three focuses: key principles, humanitarian rights, and means of monitoring the convention. Lundy, McEvoy and Byrne (2011) suggested areas in humanitarian rights which children should be entitled on are education, play, privacy, health and healthcare as well as adequate standard of living and protection from harmful influences. UNCRC establishes on three main fields of childrens rights: protection, provision and participation (Leer, 2009). In Winter (2011), Alderson (2008) exemplified an insight to each field. He addresses on protection (in forms of abuse, harm, exploitation, neglect and violence), provision (of services, support, guidance and information) and participation (whereby children being fully involved in family, cultural and social life). UNCRC aims to help children in meeting necessity basic needs and expanding opportunities that reaches out in developing childrens full potentia l. In doing so, UNCRC brings a community together in creating a protective environment for their children. Saffigna et al (2011) noted intricacy in defining every childs experience of community as all of them differ. Bronfenbrenners (1979) ecological systems theory identifies a child is influenced indirectly and directly by five intersecting systems. These environmental factors can be people, neighbourhood, home, traditions, schools, cultures, laws, services, policies, ministries and relationships. Woodhead (2006) detailed with microsystems being closest to child, everyday settings usually home and school, and relationships with people in there. Mesosystems are interrelationships between microsystems, exosystems refer to strong influences acting indirectly on the child such as local government, welfare services and polices, and last but not least, macrosystems acknowledge the mediating influence of dominant beliefs and values around children (Woodhead, 2006). Drawing from there, the UNCRC is logically to be field in the outermost layer of the ecological system theory as Vaghri et al (2011 ) defined, articles 42-45 of the Convention accedes in assisting state parties to better comprehend, administer and monitor the implementation of UNCRC in their respective countries. UNCRC influences the composition of societys image on children, early childhood and the practices. They increase awareness all over the world to provide a fair level playing field for protecting children from disadvantages (Siraj-Blatchford, 2009). Article 4 of the Convention on the Rights of Child (UNCRC, 1989) adjure governments in undertaking all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other measures to ensure children achieves equality, receives protection and the rights to survival and development in all areas. The convention requires governments undertaking all measures to greatest extent pertaining to their available resources complying with UNCRC. For instance pledging childrens rights to the fullest potential of mental and physical health (Fortin, 1999). According to Welbourne (2002) by Shier (2001), it is mandatory that all authority and organizations signatory to the UNCRC ought to be committed in making them part of their laws and to ensure that their practices shoul d be all time consistent and conforming with the standards set on protecting the rights and intended benefit of children. Mekonen (2010) derived state parties efforts in meeting the conventions obligations to children reflect childrens significance on their policy agendas hence is creating a child-friendliness state. This indicates UNCRCs power to drive on state parties on to take on different views and perspectives in making differences to better quality welfare for best interest of children. That being said, there remain concerns of to what extent does UNCRC protect children and making differences in their lives. Across to the Committee on Rights of the Child (1989), articles dealing specifically on the protection of children comprises of extensive areas. The focus areas decided upon on are: child labour and education. The programme shares how UNCRC was beneficial to the children who fall through the cracks in Paraguay. Article 32 of the CRC commits state parties in protecting children from economic exploitation and labour that is prone to hazardous or interference to childrens education and overall development. Children who are actuated to labour are derived of opportunities, development and childhood (Dukess, 2006). Poverty is a potential cause that drives children to labour (UNICEF,2012). To break the cycle, it is to ensure children get access to attend school and receive a quality education. In Paraguay, UNICEF (2007) analysed that in 2001, there were 1 in every 5 children who were economically active, some beginning at an early age and those working daily shown poorer academic results. Searching for attempts to eradicate child labour in these communities, the government initiated Abrazo Programme in 2005 based on the methodology developed by UNICEF (UNICEF, 2010). ESC (2010) briefed Abrazo Programme as a blanket that provides care and attention, such as healthcare access, education support and other benefits for children and their families. It is inclusive of financial support via conditional cash transfers. This policy instrument renders cash transfers directly to households, however as programmes requirement, parents are expected to send their children to school in return (Fors, 2012). Being part of the Abrazo Programme, Cabrera (2010) noted that presences of community centres in the neighbourhoods are safe havens for children. Providing them with education reinforcements, playgrounds, lunch and social assistances. Children have access to education and are provided with one healthy meal per day. The Social Welfare Institute contributes food supplies, benefitting children with necessary nutrition yet also creating jobs for mothers preparing meals. Children from other schools are welcomed to the centre after their classes, thus cases of children facing abuse and exploitation on the streets becomes less likely. Though education is an significant factor in terms of enriching childrens life-long skills to future engagement (Mekonen, 2010), qualities of education centres are vital tools to childrens learning, containing: teachers, lessons, resources and materials. Rivkin, Hanushek and Kain (2005) highlighted that teachers effectiveness determines schools quality. To hire and retain teachers, the Houston Independent School District (2008) established the Abrazo New Teacher Induction Program providing grade-level trainings and mentoring for beginning teachers with the veterans. Expanding the concept, they work together towards a new scheme compromising of professional development trainings for all teachers. Though workshop opportunities and community support groups for upgrading, equipping teachers with better knowledge and practices in classrooms. The program ensures teachers learning and teaching in constant betterment in order to provide productively for children. Teachers are necessities for schools functioning, hence the importance on their quality. Dale (2004) analysed to acquire phenomenal transformation experiences; these outcomes have to go through commendable interagency bundles with assessment and proficient professionals. Paraguay raises profiles of childrens rights significantly with support and guidance of UNCRC. As poverty is a major challenge to child vulnerability, the Abrazo program was formed intended to reduce poverty in the long run to improve lives of children. Although it benefitted Paraguayans, there is lack of accurate statistics that track progress on child labour. Explained by Joleby and Konstadinidis (2008) the difficulty faced while collating findings was some children were never registered in Paraguays records, whereas UNICEF only provided general look with no specific data. To evaluate phenomenon of UNCRC, Mekonen (2010) discerned it is measured by the state parties effort of inputs that they channelled for the benefit of children and outcomes they achieve. It is more helpful if stakeholders within states are in conjunction with the UNCRC and play by the laws and policies in attaining childs well-being. Noted by Axford (2008), anything that contributes to the development and sustenance of childs well-being and growth plays a role: these involve the whole Bronfenbrenners Ecological System. Despite commitment of multisectoral strategies and plans of actions, approaches to protect and up bring a child is to broad extent depending on the caregivers in the microsystem as they have closest interaction with the child. The caregivers behaviour, imparted knowledge, traditions and cultures affect their practices with children. Hence, ODonnell and Seymour (2004) determined that it is substantial for frontline staffs to be equipped with the skills in recognizing an d knowing how to respond to children in need. The UNCRC acts as a push factor for people to have more awareness on the importance of early childhood and encourages stakeholders to invest in early childhood sector. As discussed before, investing in early childhood breaks poverty in distant future. Children are more competent of success in life through good health and nutrition, and quality education programmes with appropriate stimulation and interaction with others (The World Bank, 2011). The UNCRC advocates encouragement and support for countries to invest in the future workforce thriving the lives of children generation after generation as a society.

Does the Market System Best Allocate Resources?

Does the Market System Best Allocate Resources? In order to accurately examine the belief that the market system best allocates resources and encourages positive investment climate we must look at the functioning of the market system, resource allocation and the criterion within a positive investment climate. A Market System is a system where buyers and sellers interact without the intervention of government regulations. Inherent in this system is the concept that sellers want to gain maximum price for the goods, services and resources offered and buyers want to receive value for the lowest price. The balance of this relationship leads ultimately to the market equilibrium price. However, important to note in this system is that all factors external to the Market have no effect on this relationship that is government regulations or policies. Resources are therefore strictly allocated to the production of those goods which give the sellers maximum return and correspondingly give the consumers the maximum satisfaction of their wants at a market price. Within the Market system resource allocation is heavily dependent on the variations of the price of the resources themselves. Price acts as an indicator to both the consumers and the sellers within the market (Price Signals as Guides for Resource Allocation, Anon, n.d.) To be explicit given accurate price information the sellers will use high priced scarce raw materials, (e.g copper market) or resources to produce goods of high value. Likewise only those consumers who see benefit in consuming those higher valued goods will demand them therefore achieving balance within the system. Similarly where the price of a readily available resource is low it will be allocated by the resource users for use to produced goods in a lower valued tier and consumer behavior will also react accordingly. To summarize, the shifts in the price of privately owned resources within a free market results from the shifts in the demand and supply of the resource i.e. capital, labor, raw material. This is believed to lead in turn to efficient resource allocation by the resource owners through: (Expanding the supply) Reallocating resources to the production of high priced goods. (Contracting supply) Reallocating resources away from the production of low priced goods. Reallocating resources to production of goods in high demand by consumers in order absorb excess demand. Reallocating resources away from the production of goods in low demand in order to absorb excess supply. Therefore efficient allocation of scarce resources is based on private consumption, production decisions or a combination of both at the market equilibrium price. The investment climate itself is determined by several factors which affect the investment choices, opportunities and the resultant benefits gained by a firm or investor. A good investment climate encourages efficiency and productivity in order to increase profits and therefore increase capital available for investment (Investment Climate, Anon, n.d.). We must recall that the market system itself encourages producers to allocate resources such that they are put to use where there will be no wastage at the market price i.e. Pareto optimal allocation (Griffiths and Wall 2008 p. 212). Therefore we can say that the market system fosters efficiency within the business environment through full utilization of investment capital, machinery and labor. Essentially this indicates that the market system encourages a positive investment climate. It can be said that the creation of employment and market expansion is an indicator of a positive investment climate. As established, the market system is such that, where opportunities exists for both expansion into new markets or producer output to be increased, the private owner of the resources will act in response . For example, all things being equal, increased consumer demand for natural gas converted cars in Trinidad and Tobago would lead to increased production of scarce natural gas and new suppliers followed by increased job opportunities. From our examination of the market system and scarce resource allocation within it we have seen why it is believed by some that the market system is the best mechanism for allocating scarce resource. This is justified through accurate market price signals and the resultant efficiencies created and the positive effects these have on the investment climate. Bibliography http://livingeconomics.org/article.asp?docId=232 http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=pure+market+economy References http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investmentclimate.asp PURE MARKET ECONOMY, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2010. [Accessed: November 10, 2010]. 746 Q.2 Why do some people believe that not everything can be left to the free market, but that governments also have a role to play in encouraging a positive investment climate? Explain your reasoning. In order to explore why some may believe that everything cannot be left up to the free market but government has a role to play in fostering a positive investment climate we must first look at what constitutes a good investment climate. The World Bank Report (2005) declared that a good investment climate is not one only centered on profit generation but one which cultivates benefits to society as a whole. Taking into consideration the free market system and its characteristics it is established that in this system exists: Private ownership of the scarce resources. The private needs and wants and or production decisions influence the allocation of scarce resources. Profit maximization as aim of producers. That is to say the free market system does not factor in the needs of society in pricing or distribution of scarce resources. The market system is such that scarce resources are allocated to the production of those goods whose market price yields maximum gain. However, in the production of these goods in the pure market system will to certain effects. These effects are known as Externalities. It is known that externalities occur when economic decisions create costs (negatives) and benefits for people other than the decision taker (Griffiths Wall, 2008). Externalities often lead misallocation of the scarce resources (Griffiths Wall, 2008, p. 35). These misallocations of scarce resources in the free market may occur where: The social benefit of production is not maximized as opposed to the private benefit of the production (profit maximizing firm). The social cost of production is less than the private cost. Where these situations are left unchecked, as will occur in a free market system, they will lead to over production and under production respectively (Griffiths Wall, 2008, p.283 p.284). There are other ways in which the free market will lead to misallocations such as in the provision of public goods, These would not be produced by the market system since no private benefit would be gained. Additionally where imperfect information exists within a market it can lead to misallocations (Griffiths Wall, 2008). This is especially important since the consumer and producers within a free market depend on information in order to allocate their resources i.e. capital. For example where a firm will make false claims about the high quality product which have not been verified by a government agency, this will lead to consumers using this product based on these claims. This will in turn signal to producers to elevate to higher production levels. The market system also has inherent failures for example natural monopolies and externalities. Where monopolies We must now consider what role the government plays in offsetting these inefficiencies and encouraging a good investment climate. As discussed previously a positive investment climate is one which considers the needs of the society. Therefore one important role the government plays in fostering this climate is in the provision of public goods, for example the police force for maintaining order in society. This also leads to trickle down benefits to the firm in terms of a stable society and deterrent to crime which is a cost to the firm (World Bank Report, 2005). The government can also seek to create opportunities for employment which is hallmark of a good investment climate. This may be done by providing incentives, financial or otherwise, to firms who introduce youth apprenticeship programs. The World Bank Report (2005) says that government has to control the markets through macro and micro economic policy. This may occur specifically in the form of regulations and also taxation. Consider where an environmental tax is introduced for firms producing a product with a dangerous chemical byproduct. This passes on the true costs of production to the firm. These capital gains by government can then be reinvested into society. Whilst the free market may allocate resources it is important to remember this allocation is based on profits and price signals. The government must therefore control the direct factor markets to some extent to bring fairness and stability. This may be achieved through minimum wage legislation or controls on the trade union powers. As we have seen the free market system on its own will lead to inefficiencies and misallocation. If a positive investment climate is to be fostered the government must interject in the form of macro and micro economic policies. Ideally this intervention results in a duality of benefits to both the firm and the society in the form of expanded growth and opportunity for all (The World Bank, 2005). Suggest some actual government policies that might be used in your country (name the country) to improve the investment climate. Explain your reasoning. The World Bank (2005) suggests that a good investment climate benefits society as a whole, not just firms. And it embraces all firms, not just large or politically connected firms. The government plays a central role in furnishing the improvement of the investment climate through use of policies and regulations. Let us examine some government policies that might be used in Trinidad and Tobago to facilitate the improvement of the investment climate. In Trinidad and Tobago there exists a problem within the land market of unregistered residential properties, with most residential properties being unregistered. As a result transactions within the property market have become an extremely complex and expensive process. This has resulted in a small supply of registered lands being available for purchase, as a consequence, property ownership and even rental in some cases, is only within the reach of the rich. I suggest that the Trinidad government adopt a housing policy that promotes property ownership for all. Through rapid programs of registration of title the supply lands readily available would increase sending market prices down. In so doing, in the medium to long run this would Raise living standards by potentially placing wealth in the hands of all. Secure future property rights of citizens. Reinvigorate the stagnant financial market for loans. Potentially create thousands of jobs within the construction and trades sectors. We must remember that the business environment must also benefit if an improved investment climate is to be realized. Therefore another policy that could be adopted is one of zero percent corporation tax for a fixed period for newly incorporated firms within the manufacturing sector. This would result in creation of new firms, jobs and creation of new business opportunities within the capital market. Additionally, these incentives would lead to expansion of the manufacturing sector, and improvements in the trade deficit position. For the benefit of existing firms the government could also drastically reduce the tax on profits gained from exports as was done in India during the 80s (World Bank, 2005). This would lead to stimulation of the manufacturing sector, increase of the countrys GDP and investments in new technology to improve production efficiency. Trinidad and Tobago suffers from the plagued of crime and a painfully slow justice system. The social policy areas of crime and justice must be looked at urgently by the government in conjunction with the above stated policies. Through reform of the crime and justice policies, improvements in the Investment Climate will be seen and would be advantageous to both society and firms. It is known that crime places additional costs on firms through hiring of security and losses from robberies (World Bank, 2005). Also the risk to investment associated with corruption poses a constant threat to investors, both foreign and local. Likewise crime affects the society as a whole corroding the investment climate. Therefore the policy should seek to: Focus on shortening the process time for serious violent crimes. Significantly increase the severity of punishment for violent crimes and public dissemination of information of such. Strengthen the anti corruption laws to reduce investment risks. There are numerous policy tools available to the government to intervene and improve the investment climate. The policies explored will improve the investment climate since both the firms and society will be benefactors. Q2. It is said that the main aims of macroeconomic policy are to achieve sustainable economic growth, a low rate of inflation, low unemployment and a balance of payments equilibrium For ONE country of your choice (name the country) a) Consider to what extent these aims have been achieved over the last 10 years b) Choose ONE of the aims and discuss the policies which the Government might use to achieve this aim over the next 10 years c) Recently it has been suggested that increasing the happiness of the population of the country should replace these 4 aims as the key objective of government policy. Discuss the difficulties the Government might encounter in trying to achieve this objective. a) The Trinidad and Tobago government, like most countries, intervenes into the working of its economy through the use of its macroeconomic policy. In order to assess their success over the past 10 years in doing so, we must first look at what macroeconomic policy entails. Macroeconomic policy can be described broadly as the range of strategies used by a government to influence the workings of the economy or economic business cycle. Traditionally a government can influence the macro environment of an economy through the use of fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policies are aimed at controlling government revenues and monetary policies are geared towards controlling the supply and demand for money (Griffiths Wall, 2008). Low inflation may be considered to occur where prices rise steadily as oppose to periods of high inflation where consumer prices rise sharply. During the last ten year period the Trinidad government to a degree failed to achieve low inflation rates. Over the period 1999-2009 Trinidad and Tobago had varying rates of inflation as shown in Table 1.Trinidad and Tobago is often considered to have relatively low inflation however during the period 2004 to 2005 it experienced a relatively sharp increase in consumer inflation. Thereafter a sharp increase in the price of consumer goods resulted. During this period the government adjusted its fiscal policy decreasing the tax base and increasing their expenditure on large infrastructure projects. The periods that followed also showed increases in inflation in line with the increases in aggregate demand within the Trinidad and Tobago economy. During the last ten year period the government achieved relatively low unemployment figures primarily through the government driven infrastructure program, community employment programs and investment in downstream energy projects. The government also sought to achieve balance of payments equilibrium through investments large manufacturing projects, increasing the availability of acreage for oil exploration and contraction of car imports market. Additionally they increased their savings base by offering bonds and financial instrument on the open market during the period. Trinidad and Tobago experienced marked economic growth over the last ten years, seen by the consistent yearly increase in the GDP. This can be attributed to the increase in foreign currency reserves from Oil and Gas exports. Also, from the supply side, the government sought to expand the supply of labor through the tertiary level financial assistance programs. However sustainable growth is concerned not only with expansion of the economy but also with low inflationary growth and resource issues (Pettinger, 2008). In this regard, Trinidad have not been successful since there have been upward inflationary pressure in the economy coupled with lax environmental regulations during the period. In Addition to these facts the oil and gas reserves are being exhausted at a rapid rate though the One Horse economy. Trinidad and Tobago has done comparatively well in achieving the aims of macroeconomic policy. However, its success can be misleading since the government benefitted from windfalls from the oil and gas industry. Also the corresponding issues of growing inflation, resource exhaustion and environmental degradation still prevail. b) Sustainable economic growth can be thought to be manifest by the expansion of the Gross Domestic Product of a nation. However it is also thought to include low inflationary growth and productive sustainability (Pettinger, 2008). In order for Trinidad and Tobago to achieve sustainable growth in the next ten years the government must look at the following policy initiatives: 1. Diversification of the economy by investing in the agricultural sector. 2. Pursue the establishment of local Economic Zones or Free trade to encourage investment in manufacturing; to include removal of import duties on purchases of new capital equipment. Trinidad and Tobago has the climate, acreage and resources available for the expansion of its agricultural sector. The enhancement of this sector would lead to increases in exports, inflows of foreign currency and increases in the employment base. The improvement of this industry would also result in lower food prices resulting in lower consumer inflation (Sankar, 2010). The establishment of an economic zone would lead to increases in foreign direct investments and economies of scale for local producers who stand to benefit from foreign know how (World Bank Report, 2005, p.167). The government must also include tax breaks for exporters in the economic Zone which should encourage further investment. These initiatives when grouped would ensure sustainable economic growth in Trinidad in the next ten years since they would lead to increased exports, productive output and curb price inflation. Additionally the problem of resource exhaustion would be aided through diversification of the economy. From these facts it is conclusive to say that through a policy liberalization and expansion of the agriculture sector Trinidad can achieve sustainable economic growth in the next ten years c) Increasing the happiness of a people is purported to be able to replace the four aims of macroeconomic policy. It is often argued that by increasing happiness that output and national income will be increased whilst high unemployment and inflation will not occur. Veenhoven (2005) describes happiness as the personal enjoyment one gains from his life as a whole. However, there exists no standard measure for the happiness of a nation. A government would first face a dilemma in choosing measures of happiness since it is a subjective topic. Additionally happiness has been seen to be relative such that measures of happiness may have to differ based on class or even race (Layard, 2005 cited by Griffiths and Wall, 2008, pp. 78, 79). It is important to remember that man has unlimited wants. Therefore it follows that another dilemma which would face governments with an objective of happiness is the utilization of scarce resources. Are they to allocate resources to produce more luxury items? Happiness as a replacement for the aims of macroeconomic policy is a utopian ideology of modern economists. The implementation of such an objective would call for massive shifts in thinking, policy and regulatory structure of the Trinidad government. These shifts call for long term planning which is always a problem for small emerging economies like Trinidad and Tobago. However the idea of happiness of the population is one that warrants further research.

Character Analysis : Dimmesdale :: essays research papers

Character Analysis : Dimmesdale Dimmesdale is one of the most intriguing characters in The Scarlet Letter. I think this because he demonstrates in this story that he is a coward, and that he is strong, yet not courageous. Dimmesdale proves that he is a cowardice individual many times in The Scarlet Letter. He does this by not admitting his sin. Dimmesdale had many opportunities to admit his sin and get the guilt off his chest. The first opportunity was when Dimmesdale was making his speech in front of an audience. He tried to tell the truth but more lies just came out. The second opportunity that Dimmesdale had to confess his sin was when he was living with Chillingworth, and Chillingworth told Dimmesdale to confess what was troubling him and again, Dimmesdale refused to confess. Finally, the third time that Dimmesdale had a great opportunity to confess himself was at the end of the story during the festival on the scaffold. Standing there with Hester and Pearl, Dimmesdale was still too much of a coward to admit his sin and release the anguish from his burning chest. Another way in which Dimmesdale showed that he was a cowardice person is by not confronting Chillingworth. Chillingworth was plotting re venge on Dimmesdale for an extremely long time. In fact, Chillingworth’s life was devoted to getting revenge on Dimmesdale. Being told by Hester, Dimmesdale still did not confront Chillingworth. Throughout the book, Dimmesdale was an extreme coward. Dimmesdale’s actions in this story where not courageous, but strong. For roughly seven years, this man had to live with extreme guilt. Dimmesdale had many reasons to feel guilty. First of all he let Hester be labeled an adulteress, while he just looked on. Lastly, Dimmesdale felt guilty because he had not raised Pearl as his own. Dimmesdale showed this by being exceptionally affectionate the few times that he was around Pearl. An example of Dimmesdale showing affection towards Pearl is while in the forest, Dimmesdale softly kisses Pearl on the brow. Another action of Dimmesdale’s that proves that he is strong but not courageous, is that Dimmesdale shows extreme self-restraint. Dimmesdale had to converse with Hester in public.

film institute research :: essays research papers

From camera to television a film must pass many stages, capital must be raised to finance all areas, this includes actors fees. Which range from over line costs where only a percentage of final takings are handed over. This is popular with actors such as Ewan McGregor who likes to work on low budget films. Whereas other actors may demand underline costs which is a fixed fee, not variable with the success of the film. This can be very expensive, e.g. a world-class star such as Bruce Willis may gain $20 million from a film. These costs may be lowered with using â€Å"lower class† actors. After Actors there are many other negative costs, which a filmmaker must tackle, this includes production expenses, which make up 60% of costs. Other costs also include promotion where â€Å" an average movie goes into 20,25,30 million dollars†- as quoted by Bernard Weinraub from the New York Times. Some films such as Titanic can run up costs of over $200 million depending on the extent o f sets etc. Yet it is not the filmmaker who had to â€Å"cough† up this money, actually it was two separate film companies, Paramount and 20th Century Fox, who paid for all production costs, in the film â€Å"Titanic†. Smaller filmmakers may find help from the lottery, who have set up 3 â€Å"mini-studios†, which part finance films such as â€Å"Four Weddings and a funeral† set up by â€Å"DNA Films Ltd†. Other film financers include, banks, wealthy individuals or investment companies, yet to gain funding ideas must be original and almost secured success, all ideas are presented in the form of a treatment. Once the investor agrees it will then demand a return from profits of sales. Commissioning which is explained above fits into one of three categories when producing a film, this is pre-production, and involves other components such as casting and designing, yet before this can be achieved the film writer has to plan every element. Planning is ver y important in securing a films success, it includes planning where shoots are to take place the finances which will be spent etc. Once an idea is produced in he form of a book, script etc, it then goes on a journey of evolving. When planning a film the writer comes up with locations for shoots and the actors who will play in the shoots, apart from these are the other staff, which will be needed, such as makeup artists.

Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies

Attitudes towards Test Tube Babies [pic] Name of Student: Yuhan Huang (Sheley) AE teacher: Michelle Crockford AE Class: February 4 Abstract The objective of this report is to present the attitudes and ideas shared by International Education Services Limited (IES) students and students from the university of Queensland (UQ) in relation to their knowledge and personal opinions concerning Invitro fertilization The survey used data collected from male and female students between the ages of 15 and 30 living in the State of Queensland.The participants were given 20 questions to answer in privacy and without any degree of pressure. The questions related to their personal details and to the IVF program in particular. The aim of the investigation was to gather an overall point of view as to whether IVF was indeed seen as an accepted type of program among this age group. In conclusion it is reasonable to think that another survey with an older more experienced age group would more likely give a variation in results. Because this selected age group were students, their knowledge and experience directly with IVF was limited.However, it is important to recoginse the opinions of youth as they are the future generation of adults. Introduction In recent years, babies conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF) have been a topic of moral discussion around the world. This form of reproduction is not considered a natural and acceptable way of giving birth in some people’s eyes. Many infertile couples in particular, rely on this new technology since it allows them the choice of having their baby using this method. In-vitro fertilization is defined by, â€Å"a process by which egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the womb (Papanikolaou et al. 006)†. The definition of a test tube baby is one which is the result of a female ovary or egg having been fertilised with a male sperm inside a test tube, the resulting impregnated egg is implanted in the uterus of a fem ale, growing into a foetus and developing baby by the time of birth. (Muffin, 2007). According to Walsh (2008), three million test tube babies have been born throughout the world in this way so far, and this number continues to increase at a rate of eleven thousand each year.In 1978, the world’s first successful â€Å"test-tube† baby, Louise Brown, was born in Great Britain. The baby girl weighed five-pound 12- ounces and was delivered early via Caesarean section. The process had been a success; this process proved Dr. Steptoe and Dr. Edwards had accomplished the first of many test tube babies (Rosenberg, 1970). In Australia, the first test tube baby, Candice Elizabeth Reed, was born in 1980 (Screen Australia, 1982). Infertility afflicts thousand’s of married couples feeling frustration at being childless.In India, there is an infertility clinic which provides moral, emotional and the most advanced technical support for couples wishing to solve their fertility i ssues. However, the religion of Islam is totally against IVF and has been banned by the by Islamic Fiqh Council (1986). In addition, they thought that in-vitro fertilization was unlawful because it could result in confusion with regard to parentage (Islamic Perspective, 2007). Prior to the birth of the first test tube babies such as Louise Brown, people worldwide were hesitant to use this method thinking that there could be risks involved.However, in time the health and well being of those babies born through IVF programs have proven to the world that this method is indeed safe. Hence the fears have almost disappeared. However, many people still have many misconceptions about a test tube baby and some countries do not allow the manufacturing of test tube babies. If a baby can be created in a test tube, then infertile couples stand a better chance of having a family then by other means. The aim of this report is to examine the attitudes of people towards the adoption of in vitro-fert ilization.This paper will first discus the methodology and select the survey question from this research, then a summary of the questionnaire results will be introduced,   followed by a discussion, conclusion and recommendations. Method In this report, quantitative methodology was chosen for this research. Because of the complexities associated with unstructured interview technique and time constraints. A questionnaire was designed to examine the different opinions of International Education Services Limited (IES) and University of Queensland (UQ) students attitude towards the adoption of in vitro-fertilization (refer Appendix A).The main types of questions asked included; those about personal details and personal experiences together with questions on people’s points of view about in–vitro fertilization. There were 30 students who were all volunteers. 10 out of participants were male and 20 of them were female. The students were chosen randomly from state library an d UQ library all full time students between the ages of 15 to 30. Religion, political affiliation and socio-economic status were considered unimportant. Confidentiality was ensured by not recording names.Questionnaires were completed by students and the data was then collated and analysed. The questionnaire was limited by the fact that many of the participants were too young to have had any real personal experience in dealing with IVF, however some were able to relate to friends or family who had used the IVF program successfully. Some of the participants only vaguely knew any of factual or historical knowledge about IVF. The interest that the questionnaire generated among participants and their honest and forthright answers proved to be a bonus as far as the questionnaire was concerned.Interpretation of Results Questions 1 and 2 were basic and asked about personal knowledge of in vitro-fertilization (IVF) and test-tube babies. The participants generally have heard about IVF. There are about 83. 3% students know about this topic as can be seen in the results, the ridiculous thing is that there are five students who have never heard of IVF, but one of them knew the process involved in making a test-tube baby. Questions 3 to 13 were probing and in-depth in order to obtain the participant’s sincere and knowledgeable reaction to each question.It was rewarding to see that so many agreed with the IVF program and its aims and benefits. In addition, a high percentage of participants were neutral about many of these questions. This could have meant that they really didn’t know a great deal about IVF or weren’t sure of the answer. Questions 14 through to 19 extended the questioning into the sphere of Government funding. Here 70% of males and 80% of females believed that the Government should provide funding for the IVF program. 6 months to 1 year in Question 18 seems a short time time for most to choose, however this would reflect the experience of the participants.The respondents were generally concerned about this topical issue and its bearing on modern society. They all saw the positive outcome where couples could become happy and have a baby of their own. They concerned themselves with the possibility of defective babies being born. Their eagerness to be involved in the questionnaire showed the openness which they had in being part of the solution to any problem involving IVF. Because their was no influence give by other parties to participants in answering the 20 questions, it can be said that this was a survey with genuine results.Notwithstanding that there were factors which did not fit in exactly with the aim of the survey, such as the young age of some participants along with people having limited knowledge there was sufficient suitable data collected to give a commendable result. The language used in the questionnaire was understood by all participants. Key words such as: in-vitro fertilization, partially, afflicts, infertile, federal funding, prohibitive, DNA did not require any explanation, however some Asian students did request help in sentence meanings.Most people showed a basic understanding on what IVF was meant to do; that is to enable pregnancy to take place, surprisingly in the same question, number 16 very few saw any real concern for safety, acknowledging the medical competency that exist with this program. Recommendation As the findings have indicated, most people were concerned with couples having the need to have a baby if they so desired. It would therefore be in the interest of the â€Å"powers to be,† that Government and medical bodies proceed vigorously with greater implementation and assistance for the IVF program.Question 17 showed that most participants saw two important concerns; that of costing, and concern for babies having defects. Both government and medical procedures can overcome these potential barriers with more funding and improved research respectively. I t is interesting to note that in question 13, 30% of females strongly disagreed with the concept of the IVF program producing babies as if they were some kind of commodity or product. No males registered any comment.It appears from this statistic that there is no need to educate people further on this ethical side of any argument brought forward. It can be deduced that the data obtained will in some way enlighten readers of this survey, thus strengthening the argument for a continued IVF program existing in the forefront of society for years to come. . The implications of these results are that more research needs to be carried out to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how other age groups see the IVF program.There could also be surveys done involving those of mixed ethnic backgrounds as well as those of different religions and those with ethical and moral demands. Such surveys would need to address a different kind of questioning but it would still be a recommended that can be made here. Researches in the field of Social Science would definitely find this convincing survey beneficial in exploring the human condition surrounding the human condition, be it only for the point of view of 30 young people.

Power Essay

Power Definition Essay Power is a strong word and really very hard to define, it is a very vast term, but I guess that’s the point of the word isn’t it. Power can be anything from love to death or even electrical power; it’s all about how you view the term on a personal level. Two types of power that are commonly thought about when people are put on the spot and asked the question â€Å"what is Power? † are social/political power and power used in physics.For the obvious reasons that I don’t know too much about physics; this essay will boarder around more of the social and political aspect of power. So the question still stands â€Å"what is power? † On a personal note, to me power is a social/political level in which you can control an influence people. A way I also perceive this same idea of power is that the higher of the level you have the easier it becomes for them to control and influence the public with littler resistance.For example l ook at the president of the United States many people love him and he can almost do anything he wants; though you might say that many people also don’t like him this is because of a comparison, he runs against others for office so there are some contrasting factors. For me I can easily see power in everyday life, although it may not be how I view power when I picture it in my head. A way that I often see on a daily basis is direct control over someone else.Some example of this may include your teacher failing you if you do not do what they ask or a personal and ongoing one for me is my mother threatening to not let me go to see my favorite band in the summer unless I do everything she asks, and believe me the list gets daunting. Often people relate power to symbols, words, phrases or even colours. When I did my power survey some of the answers that I got were lightning bolt, fist, peace sign, and groups of people.The lightning bolt was the most popular ones, I have spoken wit h my classmates and this was a popular one, I think this is a popular choice because it can represent different kinds of power leaving multiple impressions on people. Some political figures can be viewed as very powerful people because they can control mass amounts of people for better or for worse; this includes people like JFK and Hitler. Colour can make a huge impact and difference on people when presenting something this is why on my poster I tried to pay attention of the meaning of the colours while still rying to make it look as good as it does. For myself I view red and black as two very important colours because they both have very strong meanings that have both impacted my life significantly. In conclusion I still believe and proceed to see power as a social and political level that you can use to control or influence people on a positive or negative way. If you are looking to gain more power in your life, or just control and understand what you got going for you I suggest looking into powerful quotes, symbols and colours that can help you find your own impression of power.

Nature and Nurture Influences on Child Development Essay

When it comes to child development there are two major influences. These influences are nature which are traits we inherit and nurture which are the traits we learn. Nature and nurture are different in several ways but they both play an important role in child development. Although they both influence development the topic of which has the greatest influence in frequently debated. This paper will describe the relationship between nature and nurture, explain the biological, environmental, societal, and cultural influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture, and discuss whether nature or nurture has the most influence on child development. Nature and nurture are different in several ways but share one similarity which is the fact that they both have an influence on child development. Both of them play an important role in how children develop as well as the type of people they will grow up to be. In the video â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture in Child Development† Shirael Pollack states that children are born with some traits and characteristics while they learn others (Pollack, S. n.d.). Nature is one(s) genes. The traits and characteristics that they inherit such as skin tone, eye color, and hair color. Nurture is what they are taught or what they learn from the people around them such as manners; learning to say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you†. Read more: Essay explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. There are different influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture. These influences are biological, environmental, societal, and cultural. Nature is responsible for the biological influences. Biological influences are traits that are passed parents to their children. They  include appearance, talents, and abilities, and also certain illnesses (Groark, C., McCarthy, S. & Kirk, A., 2014). Nurture is responsible for environmental influences. These are things that are in a child(s) environment that they are exposed to or experience. Nurture can also be responsible for cultural and societal influences on child development which can be instilled subtly through natural interactions with others. The cultural and societal influences can be direct and indirect impacts of culture, race, and ethnicity as well as the powerful effects of economics, gender roles, marriage, divorce, single parenthood, and religion (Groark, C., McCarthy, S. & Kirk, A., 2014). No matter what type of influence there is on child development it is either related to nature or nurture. Some people believe that nature and nurture are partners because of the fact that they both play a role in child development. However, theorists have different views about the two. Some theorists believe that nature is ultimately responsible for growth while other theorists believe that children become whatever their environment shapes them into (McDevitt, 2010). Regardless of what the different views of theorists are on the topic of nature versus nurture, the fact of the matter is that both of them play a role in how children develop and have some type of impact on what and how they will be when they grow up. Both nature and nurture play important roles in child development. Regardless of if one has more of an influence than the other, the fact is that they both impact how children develop. Truth of the matter is that they are different but share one important factor which is the fact that they help make children who they are. This paper described the relationship between nature and nurture, explained the biological, environmental, societal, and cultural influences on child development in relation to nature and nurture, and also discussed which of the two influences is more influential than the other. References Groark, C., McCarthy, S. & Kirk, A. (2014). Early child development: From theory to practice. Bridgepoint Education: San Diego, CA. McDevitt, T.M. (2010). Nature and nurture: Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/nature-nurture/ Pollack, S. (n.d.). Nature vs. nurture in child development [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.howcast.com/videos/513307-Nature-vs-Nurture-Child-Development

Leader Of Choice: Tony Robbins Essay

Tony Robbins practices what he preaches. He knows fully well that as a well-known personality, he must recognize the diverse workforce with which he is working with. He has developed strategies for accelerated transformations of individuals from different cultures. These transformations are not only done during the training itself, but are carried on over the long haul of individual lives. For instance, he has joined forces with other therapists in building this strategy of continuing to address the needs of the diverse groups of people across cultures. Joining with Cloe Madanes, a well-known therapist, the Robbins-Madanes Center for Strategic Intervention creates training materials and programs aimed at diverse communities. Carrying the philosophy further, Robbins has focused attention not only on adults and businessmen, but also on children in their Council for Human Rights of Children at the University of San Francisco. This is a prestigious company that champions the rights of children all over the world. And if that is not enough, the company also recognizes, in essence, that many written defenses of the diverse cultures must highlight their programs because certain groups of people are denied access to aids and tools that would make them deserving of better positions because of their economic opportunities in life.  Therefore, Tony Robbins’ trainings are geared so that education can be given to these groups of people and integrated into the productive workforce. He has founded a nonprofit Anthony Robbins Foundation that provides assistance to the homeless, elderly and inner city youth as it feeds millions of people in nine countries every year through its international holiday â€Å"Basket Brigade.† He has given his seminars to a diverse group of people himself all over the world. Impacting the lives of nearly 50 million people, he and his company continues to reach out to all kinds of individuals. Equality in the full extent would be difficult to achieve especially considering the highly diverse cultural groups that comprise American society and the world at large.  Towards this end, Tony Robbins and his company serves as viable and sustainable channels in which the interests of people are upheld based on what is good for society in general utilizing the strategies he has developed.

Leadership in ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership in ethics - Essay Example The only area where ethics and research goes well is in areas where the people involved are professional and consequently have an obligation while carrying out their activities. This change in genes is known as gene-environment contact and is very critical in leadership determination. There are areas where ethics may go wrong or fail to present the results previously expected in a research and the researchers are forced to lie. One of these areas is in the field of science. The field is quite challenging and this is because of the many processes involved. When these scientists find out that they do not have the ability to go through all the processes they end up presenting fraud information that is a non-ethical activity. The corruption is an identification of a genotype that does not have leadership traits (Neve, 2013). Another area where the ethics may fail in research is in the field of catering. Catering is critical in every society and consequently people get to live better lives. Ethics fails in this environment and this is because some people fail to treat their customers in a noble

Report on authoritative sources in accounting Essay

Report on authoritative sources in accounting - Essay Example Report on authoritative sources in accounting This paper gives a report on a variety of influential accountancy sources. Among the four source genres, professional associations often stand out as the most credible and authoritative sources of information on accountancy (Katz, Graduate School of Business Website, 2013). This comes as a result of these associations offering membership to several professionals in the accounting field. In addition, these set professional and ethical standards required of all the individuals in the field of accountancy. Professional associations involve themselves in enlightening members through seminars, conferences and workshops. Moreover, many of these associations produce publications such as scholarly journals and periodicals. Therefore it becomes evident that even though all genres serve as credible sources of information on accounting, professional associations stand out more. Professional Association The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is a professional association for Certified Public Accountants all over the world (Associations Unlimited). This renowned and accredited association stands out as an authoritative source of information on accounting due to various reasons. According to Associations Unlimited, the AICPA began in 1887. Having existed for such a long period of time makes the association credible, since a record of the association’s activity for all those years prove its authority above other associations whose life spun is shorter. Moreover, the AIPCA boasts of its large membership of certified accountants within the United States and other territories (Association Unlimited). This proves that AICPA hosts a very diverse group of associates. The diversity in the association enhances the authority and credibility of the association as a major player in the field of accountancy. The AICPA serves as a body that sets auditing and reporting standards in accountancy (Anton, Associations Unlimited). This task sees the body as a pace setter in accountancy (Katz, Graduate School of Business Website, 2013). In addition, Associations Unlimited lists AIPCA as the publisher of publications such as The CPA Letter and the Tax Adviser. All this evidence shows the credibility of AICPA as a major source of information in the field of accountancy. Standard Setting Board The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) stands as an authority in accountancy. According to Investopedia (2013), the FASB is a board of seven members consisting of accounting professionals who set financial accounting and reporting standards. The FASB finds its history running back to 1973, the board’s founding year (Associations Unlimited). This long duration of existence accredits it as an authoritative source in accounting. Associations Unlimited also provides that the board sets accounting standards for the private sector especially businesses and non-profit organizations. This displays the board’s command on many businesses and or ganizations hence its authority. In addition, the board comprises great professionals in the accounting field (Associations Unlimited). This confirirms the credibility of the board members. According to the Bloomsberg Businessweek (2013), the chairperson of the FASB is Ms. Leslie F. Seidman. She is an acclaimed

Haagen-Dazs's E-Business Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Haagen-Dazs's E-Business Analysis - Essay Example HÃ ¤agen-Dazs is a very old brand of ice cream that was first introduced in 1961 by the Polish immigrants Rose Mattus and Reuben. In the beginning, the business had only offered three flavors of ice cream. These flavors included chocolate, vanilla, and coffee. Additionally, the first business shop was established in the Brooklyn, New York in 1976. After that, this business evolved to a huge extent and became a huge corporation. Presently this United States based business is having its franchises all through the United States and over 54 nations all through the world. Moreover, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs also manufacture ice cream, cakes, bars, frozen yogurt, and sorbet. This business was launched by Reuben Mattus who was a young industrialist and having a fervor for excellence and a dream for offering the best ice-cream ever at that time. The establishment of business was aimed to offer quality ice cream to the community. Additionally, the business was initiated as a small business setup and then it turned into a huge business setup. In addition, the ice cream products of the HÃ ¤agen-Dazs brand rapidly developed a loyal customer market. HÃ ¤agen-Dazs initial achievements were attained through idle talk as well as great honor. Moreover, without taking the advantage of any advertisement technique the business of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs grown rapidly. Initially, the ice cream was simply available at gourmet shops located in New York afterward its delivery extended all through the United States. ... Initially, the ice cream was simply available at gourmet shops located in New York afterward its delivery extended all through the United States (HDIP, Inc., 2011). Presently this business is one of the main and biggest ice cream businesses in US and this business is offering a variety of ice cream products. This aspect enabled the business to attain higher customer satisfaction, confidence along with market share. Figure 1Main page of Haagen-dazs, Source: http://www.haagen-dazs.com/ 3- Branding This section discusses some of the main aspects about products branding available at Haagen-Dazs business. In this scenario I will outline different approaches and policies to assess the overall branding tactic and policy of the business: 3.1- Branding Basic Theme Haagen-Dazs has established the business brand on the basis of its high quality ice cream flavors. In this scenario this business offers a variety of quality based and luxury ice cream brands for mature people. In the start Haagen-D azs introduced the ice cream product which was approximately for all time inexpensively available ice cream at the marketplace. Initially the business has tried to pay great attention towards the household, men, women and children marketplace. However in current years Haagen-Dazs has proficiently introduced a latest idea of ice cream product that ice cream could be of high-status, special, tasteful and good looking. Through this type of business and product marketing the Haagen-Dazsturn became one of the bestselling brands among the fantastic-quality brands of this category (Adbrands.net., 2011) and (ICMR, 2011). 3.2- High Quality Haagen-Dazs has established the basic theme ‘no compromise on ice cream quality’ for its business. Haagen-Dazs recognized that

Oceans and climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oceans and climate change - Essay Example However, these changes are not taking place uniformly. In fact, the poles have already experienced the greatest warming, and are expected to continue to warm more intensely as compared to other areas. This has resulted to loss of ice in the arctic regions. Consequently, this has resulted to increase of ocean volume and thus affecting the entire planet. The ocean has experienced an increase in temperatures due to climate change and this has affected the already existing conditions of the living things negatively. On the other hand, El Nià ±o and La Nina have contributed to changes in the oceans. The ocean is an essential aspect of understanding how climate change is affecting the planet. This is due to frequent fluctuation of the climate from cold to warm weather. This paper seeks to focus on the effects of climate changes and how this will affects or has affected the oceans and the people. Firstly, it is essential to note that about 71% of the land surface is covered with the oceans (New England Aquarium 1). These include Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Southern oceans. An ocean acts as the planet largest heat absorber (New England Aquarium 1). This means that as the ocean absorb, store and deliver large quantities of heat, the ocean buffer the climate of the planet (New England Aquarium 1). This means the change in the ocean has irreversible outcomes in future. The first impact of climate change on the ocean is the increase in the oceans levels. This is due to warming of water that in turn results to increased water volume. This is commonly known as thermal expansion. This expansion and warm temperature have resulted to sea rise due to extra water generated from the melting glaciers. Moreover, increased melting has been reported at the ice caps in Greenland and west Antarctica (New England Aquarium 1). This is projected to change one to two feet by 2100 (New England Aquarium 1). The