Ethical Dilema Essay - 825 Words

Ethical Dilema (Essay Sample) Content: Ethical DilemmaStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourseInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameHuman life and living in the world is made possible and desirable by the sacrifices that are made each day. In every situation, there are options available and no situation has proved so mean as to have only one option (Sober, 2001). The consequences of any action taken by the train driver seem to be enormous hence careful decision-making should be undertaken since regardless of which way the train is directed there will be the loss of at least one life. Turning to the left will be the best option in this scenario since only one life will be lost.The dilemma the train driver is encompassed in calls for the weighing of the moral options available and the consequences that will come with the choosing of any moral value. Among the moral values available to the train driver there also raises moral obligations by virtue of his/her job. The train driver/engineer has the resp onsibility of making sure the prisoners donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t escape from the train. Secondly, the train driver has obligations of keeping all the prisoners alive and to deliver them to the next security prison assigned. Thirdly, the train driver has to take an action based on the view of majority good hence personal will should not be considered, in this case the sparing of the girl on the track and trying to stop the train are obvious actions one will take before putting the majority picture into perspective (Sober, 2001). Utilitarian thinking asks for the creation of happiness for many people and reduction of pain in many people.Options available in the case in question are three, but only two may save significant numbers of people from death. Turning to the right will force the train off the track upon impact with the horse that will result in loss of few lives. Turning to the left will kill the college girl stuck to the rails. The other available option is that of stopping the train that will lead to the death of all persons aboard.The saving of the passengers on the train is a priority since they are many compared to the losing of girlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life on the track. If the driver of the train takes the split to the right there will be many fatalities and possible escape of other prisoners in the event. The prisoners in the case for consideration are being transported to a high-security prison hence there eminent hazardous impacts to the community if they escape. The reason of transfer from the low-security prison might probably be that the prisoners can easily escape from custody in the previous low-security prison, hence transferring them to a high-security prison. Any slight escape opportunity presented will be fully exploited by the prisoners.Turning of the train to the right will lead to loss of many lives aboard and injure several prisoners but the life of the college girl on the track will be spared. Stopping the train will kill almost all detainees on b oard but still saving the life of the college girl on the runway. The train is carrying inmates who will exploit any escape opportunity availed to them. If the train turns to the right, there is a high possibility that a few prisoners will escape after the event of crushing with the horse cart and getting off the track by the train. Primarily the prisoners are being held since they are a danger to a great number of people in the free world (Mill, 2010).A utilitarian faced with the situation, in this case, will turn the train to the right and kill the college girl on the track. Utilitarianism has the principle of achieving happiness for the vast majority of people (Mill, 2010). The turning of the train to the left will lead to happiness for the great majority of persons in the scenario and the society. Conversely, a person of Kantianism ideals will try stopping the train. Kant seeks the justification for moral action in duty for its sake, unlike the utilit...

Comparing the Teotihucans and the Sumerians Essay

Comparing the Teotihucans and the Sumerians Written language was an important milestone in human history. It enabled the recording of history, dreams and tragedy. It allowed for commercial and historical record keeping. It allowed human beings to imprint thoughts on paper, for sharing, later review or just for fun. What about societies that never developed a written language? Could such a society rival one with that has? When advances of Sumerian city-states are compared to that of Teotihuacan there are a few instances where the Mesoamerican city appears to be more advanced. However, if ranked these appearances do not place Teotihuacan ahead of any one of Sumers Mesopotamian city-states. The formations of Sumerian city-states†¦show more content†¦Within these huge stepped cities within cities (49). an entire workforce was busy with the affairs of civilization (49). Field workers would farm temple lands to provide for the massive amounts of food that was distributed. In Lagash for example, food was prepared for 1200 people on a daily basis (49). Though the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon in Teotihuacan were not as elaborate as Sumerian Ziggurats, each civilization shared a Cosmo- magical characteristic. In Sumer, royal burial sites were so elaborate, that only specialized artisans could possibly have constructed them. According to the text, arches, vaults and domes were new levels of architecture found in burial tombs of the elite. In addition, elaborate funeral objects of gold and silver were also found with the dead. Sumerian arts and inventions flourished. The wheel itself, which led to the potters wheel and wagon wheels, were apparently invented in Sumer. (49). This lent sophistication to pottery and increased efficiency to farming. The Bronze Age found its origins in Sumerian civilization, which put metal tips on hoes, axes, arrowheads, daggers and many other tools. In Teotihuacan however, the economy thrived on agriculture, craftwork, and trade in ceramics and quarried obsidian. (98) There was no evidence in the text or lecture notes that they had achieved the amenities of the Bronze age. However,

Characteristics and Pictures of Non-Vascular Plants

Course Reflection Example

Essays on Course Reflection Coursework Reflection This on nursing theories was a handful as it was particularly informative and interactive. Notably, thiscourse offered me a theoretical foundation for practicing nursing. I learnt that theories delineates and augments nursing practice and that it focusses on matters imperative to offering care (Basavanthappa, 2007Through this course, I learnt that theory is a systematic and creative way of viewing the world and its facets in order to describe or control it (McEwen Wills, 2014). Additionally, I learnt that nursing theory offers the principles that reinforce practice. Through this course, I learnt how to critique, review and apply these theories and integrate some of the theoretical basis to Home Health Care and Dialysis Nursing (Kim Kollak, 2006). Through this course, I spent a great deal of time reviewing distinct theories and concepts in order to apprehend the distinction between concepts and the different types of theories (McEwen Wills, 2014). Evidently, I learnt tha t there are three primary theories employed in nursing; grand theories, middle range theories, and borrowed theories (McEwen Wills, 2014). Through this course, I can apply nursing theories to my Home Health Care and Dialysis Nursing practice. I will use nursing theories to evaluate the patient’s conditions and identify the distinct needs of the patient through Watson’s theory of caring (Kozier et al., 2004). I will also employ this theory to create effective relations with the patient and assess the degree to which the nursing process was successful. Before joining the course, I did not have many thoughts about the existence of theory and application of theory to solve nursing issues. For instance, I initially did not understand that there are various facets that need to be taken into account before administering self-care in patients. It is after this course that I learnt nurses have to evaluate the patient’s motivation and ability to perform self-care (McEwen Wills, 2014).ReferencesBasavanthappa,  B.  T. (2007). Nursing theories. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers. Kim,  H.  S., Kollak,  I. (2006).Nursing theories: Conceptual philosophical foundations. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.Kozier, B., Erb, G., Berman, A., Synder, S., (2004). Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice. New Jersey:Pearson Education.McEwen, M., Wills, E. (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Becoming Other Oriented By Martin Luther King Jr.

Becoming Other-Oriented Martin Luther King Jr. once said â€Å"We must rapidly begin the shift from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society† (King). Society today has become so much more diverse than it was 50 years ago, as well as further advanced; and yet I still believe being an other-oriented society is still lacking. It is almost daily that we come in contact with someone who is either of different ethnic backgrounds, cultures, or sexual orientation. We as a nation still struggle to respect the values, feelings, and thoughts that’s every individual should be allowed to have. Becoming other-oriented is something that needs to be in every person’s daily activities no matter what kind of relationship it involves. So, how would one go about becoming other-oriented? What skills would one need to acquire in order to become an other-oriented communicator, with everyone they come in contact with? Being other-oriented is an essential skill that I believe every person needs to practice. â€Å"To be an other-oriented communicator is to consider the thoughts, needs, experiences, personality, emotions, motives, desires, cultures, and goals of your communication partners† (Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond, 25). Within our circle of close relationships with those who we are similar with and have a liking for, this task is easily accomplished. It is basically involuntary for us to think about how what we say or do might affect someone who we have a caring relationship with. The problemShow MoreRelated Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  African Americans are fortunate to have leaders who fought for a difference in Black America. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are two powerful men in particular who brought hope to blacks in the United States. 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Psychology Reflective Journal free essay sample

What I have done What I have learnt How I found the lesson Introduction to psychology Perspectives of psychology What we can learn In the first unit, we’ll explore the goals of psychology, the major approaches that are used to understand behavior and answer questions, the historical roots of psychology, current research areas, and possible careers in the broad field of psychology. We want to know, how is human behaviour â€Å"working†, how we can remember and on turn why we forget? My position as a student studying social studies makes this an important issue for me. There is very close connection and co-operate to other subjects as sociology, politics and our work in care sector. I would say, that psychology is somewhere in the middle. As a care worker, study of psychology can help me better understand and empathize to client’s behaviour with different levels of dementia. What do psychologists study? First lesson has been presented idea of psychology; basic views and definitions. What does psychology mean? How can we explain the psychology as subject or science? First think is the study of people’s mind, knowledge of behaviour. According to British Psychological Society, usually definition is ‘the scientific study of behaviour’. Psychology is the systematic, scientific study of behaviours and mental processes. There are some views in psychology. We can speak about several ‘perspectives’; points of view, stances for academically arguing and theoretical approach: * Biological – e. g. doctor, nurse * Cognitive – e. g. teacher, early years practitioner * Evolutionary – â€Å"where we come from†, our evolution from ‘caveman’. This difference forced me to reflect on the aims of this course—how communication skills are not generic, but differ according to time and place. Date: 24/09/2012 Tuesday Aims:Nature vs. Nurture Nature- nature view of humans and their behaviour, knowledge of instincts essentially biological Nurture- we learn our behaviour from others collective impact of all environmental factors that affect growth and behaviour (Penguin Dictionary of Psychology) Naturist research. The balance of nature and nurture in influencing how a child grows up varies depending on where they live New scientists’ study found how strong environmental factors are in determining each characteristic, compared with the influence of DNA, differs significantly across the country. (research on King’s College London) A dichotomy is a splitting into two. Thus a false dichotomy is a process of creating an artificial splitting of something that should not be separated, e. g. nature and nurture. The argument is that certain cultural differences may have originated in biological differences but that social factors have overridden this. A common theme in Psychology, and indeed in many other disciplines, is the question of whether certain human characteristics are due primarily to nature (adaptations occurring through the evolutionary process) or nurture (the influence of learning). Ultimately it is foolish to attempt to separate the two factors because they are both linked together we learn to adapt to the environment and therefore this is passed on through biological inheritance to future generations who are then endowed with certain characteristics. To attempt to separate the two is to create a false dichotomy. However Biologists, Geneticists, Psychologists, Sociologists and Philosophers still argue about the degree to which nature or nurture influences a phenomena and how they each play their own part. A new series of nature-nurture maps produced by the team revealed that some areas are environmental hotspots for particular traits, but in other places the same attribute is mainly governed by genetics. For example, across most of the country 60 per cent of the variation in childrens behaviour at school whether they were unruly or not was down to their genes. But in London environment played a greater role possibly because wealth varies so dramatically within communities, meaning twins growing up on the same street are more likely to fall in with different groups of friends who could influence their behaviour. Dr Oliver Davis, who led the Wellcome Trust-funded study, published in the Molecular Psychiatry journal, said: There are any number of environments that vary geographically in the UK, from social environments like health care or education provision to physical environments like altitude, the weather or pollution. The message that these maps really drive home is that your genes aren’t your destiny. There are plenty of things that can affect how your particular human genome expresses itself, and one of those things is where you grow up. * The debate about heredity and environment (or the nature nurture debate) is concerned with some of the most fundamental questions that human beings ask about themselves. * In its broadest sense, the debate is both about the human species as a whole (compared with other species) and about individual differences between people. Plomin believes that it is at the level of individual differences that the nature—nurture debate takes place. * Nativists (such as Descartes) believe that heredity determines certain abilities and capacities, whereas empiricists (such as Locke) believe that the mind, at birth, is a tabula rasa, which is gradually `filled in by learning and experience. * Examples of nativism in psychology include the Gestalt * psychologists, Gesells concept of maturation, and Chomskys LAD. Behaviourism represents a very influential and extreme form of empiricist theory within psychology. * To ask, `is it nature or nurture? is to ask an oversimplified question about a very complex issue. `How much? is a more complex question, concerned with the relative importance of heredity and environment; it presupposes that both are involved, consistent with an interactionist position. * The `How much? question is linked to the `individual differences form of the debate, and it is still concerned with trying to quantify their relative contributions. This is the main focus of behavioural genetics, which uses methods such as twin studies, adoption studies, and other studies of family resemblance. * `How do they interact? is a third question, which is concerned with qualitative issues, i. e. the ways in which heredity and environment influence each other. * Within genetics, `nature refers to `inheritance: differences in chromosomes and genes transmitted from parents to offspring. * While genetic variability is the raw material of evolution, evolution does not imply genetic variation within a species, and vice versa. The basic units of hereditary transmission are genes, large molecules of DNA. They occur in pairs and are situated on the chromosomes. * Genes have two major functions: self-duplication and protein synthesis. The bodys non-reproductive cells duplicate through mitosis, while the reproductive/germ cells duplicate through meiosis. * Genes come in two forms, structural and regulator. Structural genes code for proteins and enzymes and form the basis of classical genetics. Regulator genes (the majority) communicate closely with the environment and change in response to it. In a psychological context, `environment usually implies external, post-natal influences impinging on a passive individual. This is a very inaccurate view. * The environment of individual cells is the cluster of cells to which it belongs, and the cytoplasm of the cell is the environment for the cell nucleus. Everything that happens after fertilization is environmental. * Instead of seeing the environment as separate from the individual, people may be seen as making their own environments. This can happen by (i) eliciting a certain response from other people, due to behaviour or biological characteristics (gene—environment correlations); (ii) non-shared psychosocial experiences; (iii) attaching their own meaning to events or experiences; (iv) an interaction between the facilitativeness of the environment and the individuals vulnerabilities (gene—environment interaction). * The thirty-year longitudinal study by Werner et al. of nearly seven hundred children in Hawaii supports the hypothesis of interaction between individual vulnerability and environmental facilitativeness very well. A distinction is made between macro-and micro-environments; children cannot choose the former but can choose or create the latter, through niche picking and niche-building. Even genetically very simple characteristics, such as the disease PKU, involve an interaction with the environment, such that the effects of the gene (the phenotype) can be prevented by environmental intervention: the link between the genotype and phenotype is not direct and straightforward. Pharmacogenetics studies interactions between individuals and drugs, and cancer genetics studies the interactions between genes and environment as they affect the risks of developing cancers. * Biologists have recently made claims to have identified the genes for criminality, manic-depression, schizophrenia, alcoholism, high intelligence, and homosexuality. These are interpreted as ending the nature—nurture debate — in favour of nature. * These claims appeal to supporters of eugenics. * LeVay and Hamer cite a linkage study, showing the same marker in thirty-three out of forty pairs of gay brothers. They conclude that a region of the. X chromosome probably contains a gene that influences male sexual orientation, although the gene itself has not been identified. * But genes specify proteins, not behavioural / psychological phenomena. * This kind of research raises fundamental questions: why is the research seen as so important, what are its social and political implications, will society become more or less tolerant of homosexuality if it is found that `gays cant help it? 02/10/12 Tuesday Sigmund FREUD Most known psychoanalyst on the world is Sigmund Freud; former of modern Psychology science.

Essay The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls Essay Example For Students

Essay The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls Essay In this both heart wrenching and slightly humorous memoir, journalist Jeannette Walls tells the bittersweet story of her rather dysfunctional and poverty stricken upbringing. Walls grows up in a family trailed by the ubiquitous presence of hunger and broken homes. Throughout the memoir she recounts memories of moving from one dilapidated neighborhood to another with her three other siblings, insanely free sprinted mother, and incredibly intelligent yet alcoholic father. The author focuses on her unconventional childhood with parents who were too lazy and self-absorbed to obtain decent jobs. Although Wallss childhood gushes with heartbreaking tales of searching through dumpsters for food, she remains as unbitter as possible and instead views her youth in an almost comical light. While most in similar situations observe experiences like these through unforgiving eyes, Walls views her unfortunate experiences through the transparent walls of the glass castle and recalls how she develops the strength and determination to succeed. Although her parents put her through very difficult experiences, she manages to optimistically accept her past and create a much better future for herself. Walls consumes the memoir with depictions of her parents eccentric parenting styles. Although not a drunk like her father she describes her mother as possessing the mentality of a four year old while at the same time being incredibly advanced intellectually. Despite her intelligence, her mother sits around and watches Jeannettes father squander their money on beer and cigarettes while she tries to develop her hidden artistic talents. Even with a teaching degree she refuses to get a job until begged to do so by her starving children. . . so she resolves to overcome her troubled upbringing and turn her life into a success. Although The Glass Castle proves quite an infuriating read, the authors optimism and naivety make the memoir rather refreshing. Walls faces so many unfortunate circumstances and yet still somehow maintains a positive outlook on life. Many who go through similar situations use their less than underprivileged upbringings as excuses for why they remain unable to acquire adequate jobs or prosperous lives, but Walls avoids this completely. Even though her childhood proves rather rough, she realizes this does not prevent her from obtaining her goals. While her life story serves as no fairy tale, she manages to find her happily-ever after through unrelenting faith and determination. Works Cited Walls, Jeannette. The Glass Castle: a Memoir. New York: Scribner, 2006. Print.